What role does Configuration Management play in Continuous Integration (CI) and Continuous Deployment (CD) pipelines?
- Automates the deployment process
- Ensures version consistency of tools
- Manages and tracks changes in software
- Validates code against security standards
Configuration Management (CM) in CI/CD pipelines manages and tracks changes to ensure that all configurations are consistently integrated and deployed. This means CM keeps a record of all versions, changes, and configurations so that teams can retrieve previous versions and configurations if needed, ensuring repeatability and recoverability. The primary role of CM is to provide a controlled method to manage changes to both the application code and the environments where the application runs.
During the review process, the step where all issues are finalized and documented is called _______.
- Closing Meeting
- Initiation
- Inspection
- Walkthrough
The closing meeting is the phase during the review process where all identified issues, findings, and observations are finalized, documented, and agreed upon by all participants. This step ensures that there's clarity on the identified defects and the action items required to rectify them.
In white-box testing, what does the term "coverage" typically refer to?
- Amount of code executed
- Number of defects found
- Number of test cases executed
- Test duration
In white-box testing, "coverage" refers to the amount or percentage of the codebase that has been tested. It provides an objective measure to ensure that most, if not all, paths, branches, statements, and conditions in the code have been exercised.
How does the "V-model" in SDLC differentiate from the traditional waterfall model in terms of testing integration?
- V-model doesn't involve testing
- V-model has testing after deployment
- V-model integrates testing in parallel to development
- V-model only includes unit testing
In the V-model, each development stage corresponds to a testing phase. As the development progresses downwards on the left side of the "V", testing activities are prepared. When development reaches integration and system levels, the testing phases commence upwards on the right side of the "V". This ensures that testing is integrated in parallel with development, unlike the Waterfall model where testing happens after the entire development phase.
When risks are too high and cannot be mitigated, a project might employ a risk _______ strategy to avoid the risk entirely.
- acceptance
- avoidance
- deflection
- transference
The risk avoidance strategy involves taking actions to remove the threat or condition that represents the risk entirely, essentially ensuring that the risk event doesn't occur. This strategy is employed when risks are deemed too high and cannot be mitigated.
QTP, now known as _______ , is a proprietary tool used for functional and regression testing.
- Quality Test Professional
- Quality Testing Prime
- QuickTech Pro
- Unified Functional Testing
QTP stands for QuickTest Professional. However, it was later rebranded by Hewlett-Packard (HP) as "Unified Functional Testing" (UFT). UFT provides a comprehensive solution for functional and regression testing and is one of the most popular tools in the testing industry for automating GUI testing tasks.
In the STLC, what factors determine the exit criteria of a testing phase?
- Customer feedback
- Number of test cases passed
- Personal judgment of testers
- Pre-defined set of conditions achieved
Exit criteria in the Software Testing Life Cycle (STLC) are a pre-defined set of conditions or metrics which must be achieved to conclude a testing phase. These conditions could include factors like achieving a certain percentage of test coverage, a limited number of high-severity defects remaining open, meeting performance benchmarks, etc. Having a clear exit criteria ensures that a testing phase achieves its intended quality objectives before moving to the next phase.
In white-box testing, which technique involves ensuring that every decision point (true and false) has been executed at least once?
- Cyclomatic Complexity
- Decision Coverage
- Path Coverage
- Statement Coverage
Decision Coverage in white-box testing ensures that each decision point or branch has been executed for both 'true' and 'false' conditions. It is more robust than simple statement coverage because it ensures that each decision leads the control flow in both directions.
Automated test suites are primarily managed using _______ tools to ensure organized execution.
- Compiler
- Debugger
- Test Management
- Version Control
Automated test suites, which consist of a collection of test scripts, test data, and execution sequences, require effective management to ensure organized execution and reporting. Test Management tools offer capabilities to define, organize, and execute tests, as well as to report defects and generate metrics, streamlining the automation workflow.
In a situation where both manual and automated testers are available, but the application interface is still evolving and not stable, which type of testing would you prioritize and why?
- Prioritize automated testing.
- Prioritize manual testing because of the evolving interface.
- Rely solely on manual testing.
- Use both equally without prioritizing.
While automated testing provides speed and repeatability, it's less flexible when dealing with frequently changing interfaces. In situations where the application interface is evolving rapidly, manual testing is more adaptable and can more effectively handle changes without the need for constant script updates.