Dijkstra's Algorithm is used to find the shortest path in a weighted graph with non-negative edge weights. It guarantees the shortest path but doesn't work with negative weights. Breadth-First and Depth-First Search are used for different purposes, and A* is for finding the shortest path with heuristics.

Collisions in a hash table can be handled by using techniques like linear probing, which involves searching for the next available slot in the table when a collision occurs. This ensures that all values are eventually stored without excessive collisions.

A generator function differs from a normal function in that it uses the yield keyword to yield values lazily one at a time, allowing it to generate values on-the-fly without consuming excessive memory.

You can use the sys.getrefcount() function to inspect the reference count of an object in Python. It's a built-in way to gather information about an object's reference count. Options 1 and 4 are not recommended practices, and Option 3 is incorrect since reference count analysis is indeed relevant for debugging memory issues.

In Python, a metaclass is a class for classes. It defines the structure and behavior of classes, while a regular class defines the structure of instances created from it. A metaclass is used to customize class creation and behavior.

You can implement a stack that allows retrieving the minimum element in constant time by using an additional stack to keep track of the minimum values. Whenever you push an element onto the main stack, you compare it with the top element of the auxiliary stack and push the smaller of the two. This ensures constant-time retrieval of the minimum element.

To integrate a Python back-end with an SPA framework like Angular or React, you should create RESTful APIs. This allows the front-end to communicate with the back-end through standardized HTTP requests, enabling data retrieval and manipulation.

In Python, you invoke the method of a superclass from a subclass using the super() function. This allows you to access and call methods from the superclass within the subclass.

You can detect a cycle in a linked list using Floyd's Tortoise and Hare Algorithm. This algorithm uses two pointers moving at different speeds to traverse the list. If there's a cycle, the two pointers will eventually meet. It's an efficient O(n) algorithm for cycle detection.

You can dynamically create a new type (class) at runtime in Python by using metaclasses. Metaclasses allow you to define the behavior of classes themselves. Decorators are used to modify the behavior of functions or methods, not to create classes. Closures and list comprehensions are not directly related to class creation.