The package-lock.json file contains a resolved field that represents the exact installed version of each package. This field specifies the exact URL that was resolved to fetch a particular package version. It is a crucial part of package management in Node.js.

ESLint can help maintain a consistent coding style by creating a shared ESLint configuration that defines the coding style rules. This configuration can be enforced across the project, ensuring that all developers adhere to the same coding standards. Manually reviewing, ignoring issues, or allowing personal preferences would lead to inconsistencies.

In JavaScript, a closure is created when an inner function accesses the variables of an outer function after the outer function has executed. Closures allow inner functions to "remember" and access the variables of their containing (outer) function even after the outer function has finished executing. This is a fundamental concept for managing scope and data privacy in JavaScript.

For a real-time chat application, a NoSQL database would be most suitable due to its ability to handle high concurrency and unstructured data. Considerations for data consistency would involve choosing an appropriate consistency model, like eventual consistency, and partitioning data for scalability and low latency.

LRU (Least Recently Used) eviction strategy removes the item from the cache that was accessed the least recently. This ensures that the cache retains the most recently accessed items, optimizing for cache hits.

Closures retain references to their containing scope, which includes variables and functions. If not managed carefully, this can lead to memory leaks as these references may prevent objects from being garbage collected.

In Node.js, you can use process.exit() to gracefully terminate a Node.js application. It allows you to specify an exit code. The other options, such as process.end(), process.terminate(), and process.halt(), are not valid methods for application termination.

Stubbing in tests is often used to simulate the behavior of a function or method, allowing you to control its responses for testing purposes. It's especially useful when you want to isolate the code under test and ensure that certain functions return specific values or execute specific code paths.

To ensure the security of file uploads in a web application, it's crucial to perform server-side validation. This includes checking the file's content type, verifying its size, and possibly scanning it for malware. Other important security measures include limiting file sizes to prevent denial-of-service attacks and disallowing specific file types to prevent the upload of potentially harmful files. Using an unauthenticated endpoint is not recommended as it could lead to security vulnerabilities.

In JavaScript, altering an object's prototype at runtime can lead to "Negative" performance impacts. Modifying prototypes at runtime can cause performance bottlenecks, as it can affect the behavior of all objects that share the same prototype. It's generally recommended to avoid such runtime modifications for performance reasons.