You are working on a clustering problem where you need to identify very distinct and well-separated clusters. Which linkage method might be suitable and why?
- Average Linkage
- Complete Linkage
- Single Linkage
- Ward's Method
Complete Linkage would be suitable when you need very distinct and well-separated clusters. This method considers the maximum distance between points in different clusters, ensuring that clusters are far from each other. It provides greater separation between clusters compared to other methods and is less likely to form elongated, chain-like clusters.
In hierarchical clustering, the linkage criteria, such as _______, ________, and ________, define how the distance between clusters is measured.
- Single
- Complete
- Average
- All of the Above
In hierarchical clustering, linkage criteria such as single, complete, and average linkage define how distances between clusters are measured, thus all the options are correct.
The ________ algorithm creates hyperplanes to classify data points into different classes.
- Decision Trees
- Naive Bayes
- Support Vector Machines
- k-NN
Support Vector Machines (SVMs) are designed to create hyperplanes that optimally separate data into different classes. This separation helps in accurate classification.
How do you assess the fit of a Logistic Regression model?
- Accuracy only
- Precision and recall only
- R-squared only
- Using metrics such as AUC-ROC, confusion matrix, log-likelihood, etc.
The fit of a Logistic Regression model can be assessed using various metrics, including the AUC-ROC curve, confusion matrix, log-likelihood, and other classification metrics that consider both the positive and negative classes.
A business stakeholder asks you to explain the interaction effect found in a Multiple Linear Regression model built for sales prediction. How would you explain this in non-technical terms?
- Explain that one variable's effect depends on another variable
- Ignore the question
- Provide raw data
- Use technical jargon
You could explain the interaction effect by stating that the effect of one variable on sales depends on the level of another variable. For example, the effect of advertising on sales might depend on the season, and the interaction term captures this dependency in the model.
You are working with a medical dataset to predict a particular disease. What ethical considerations must be taken into account when building and deploying this model?
- Consider fairness, transparency, privacy, and informed consent
- Focus only on achieving high accuracy
- Ignore privacy and consent
- Ignore the potential biases in the data
Ethical considerations in medical predictions include ensuring fairness (avoiding biases), transparency (explainability), privacy (protecting sensitive information), and obtaining informed consent from the patients.
How is Deep Learning different from traditional Machine Learning techniques?
- Deep Learning focuses on neural networks with multiple layers
- Deep Learning requires less data
- Deep Learning uses shallower models
- Deep Learning uses simpler algorithms
Deep Learning differs from traditional Machine Learning by using neural networks with multiple layers, enabling the analysis of more complex patterns.
Explain how the ElasticNet regression combines the properties of Ridge and Lasso regression.
- By alternating between L1 and L2 regularization
- By using a weighted average of L1 and L2
- By using both L1 and L2 regularization
- By using neither L1 nor L2 regularization
ElasticNet regression combines the properties of Ridge and Lasso by using both L1 and L2 regularization. This hybrid approach combines Lasso's ability to perform feature selection with Ridge's ability to handle multicollinearity, providing a balance that can be fine-tuned using hyperparameters.
Explain the Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) and its role in detecting multicollinearity.
- Measure of how much the variance of an estimated coefficient increases when predictors are correlated
- Measure of model complexity
- Measure of model's fit
- Measure of residual errors
VIF quantifies how much the variance of an estimated regression coefficient increases when predictors are correlated. A high VIF indicates multicollinearity, potentially affecting the model's stability.
How does linear regression differ from nonlinear regression?
- They differ in the accuracy of predictions
- They differ in the complexity of the model
- They differ in the number of outputs
- They differ in the number of variables used
Linear regression assumes a linear relationship between the dependent and independent variables, while nonlinear regression can model more complex relationships that are not strictly linear.