The primary file used to configure the static IP address of a network interface in Linux is '/etc/network/interfaces.' This file contains network interface configuration settings, including IP addresses, subnet masks, and gateways for static configurations.

The 'kill' command in Linux is used to send signals to processes. It is commonly used to terminate or stop processes gracefully. By default, 'kill' sends the TERM signal to a process, but it can be used to send other signals as well, depending on the situation.

To manage multiple container deployments in an automated way, many organizations use Kubernetes, often abbreviated as "K8s." Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration platform that automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

The primary purpose of the 'echo' command in Bash scripting is to print output to the terminal. It's often used to display messages, variables, or other data to the screen. For example, echo "Hello, World!" will print "Hello, World!" to the terminal.

To set up VPN connections in Linux, the OpenVPN software can be used to support multiple VPN protocols. OpenVPN is a widely used and flexible solution for creating VPNs on Linux systems.

The correct answer is d) $$, which represents the process ID (PID) of the current script. This variable is useful when you want to track or manage the script's own process. You can use it for various purposes, such as creating temporary files with unique names or monitoring the script's execution.

After the kernel is loaded, systemd initializes services and system features in modern Linux systems. Systemd is responsible for managing system services, dependencies, and parallelization of tasks, making the boot process more efficient and predictable.

In a shell script, the special variable $@ refers to all the arguments passed to the script as separate items. Each argument is treated as a separate entity, which is particularly useful when dealing with spaces or special characters in argument values.

The correct answer is d) It represents the process ID of the current script. The $$ variable is used to access the unique process identifier assigned to the running script. It's valuable for tasks like creating temporary files or ensuring script uniqueness.

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is the tool in Linux that allows for centralized authentication, often used in corporate environments. It provides a way to maintain a directory of users and their access privileges, making it easier to manage user accounts across multiple systems.