When configuring SSH key-based authentication on the server, the typical file to modify is /etc/ssh/sshd_config. This file contains configuration settings for the SSH server, including options related to key-based authentication.

The cd command is used to change directories in the terminal. It stands for "change directory," and it is essential for navigating the Linux file system. You can use it to move between different directories or folders.

When partitioning a disk using the Master Boot Record (MBR) partitioning scheme, you can create up to 4 primary partitions. This is a limitation of the MBR scheme, and to create more partitions, you would need to use extended or logical partitions.

The primary purpose of the visudo command is to safely edit the sudoers file. The sudoers file specifies which users or groups are allowed to run commands with elevated privileges using sudo. Using visudo is recommended because it checks the syntax of the file and prevents potential errors that could lock you out of your system.

ext4 is a commonly used file system in many modern Linux distributions. It supports journaling, which helps in maintaining the integrity of the file system, especially in case of sudden system crashes or power failures. Journaling keeps track of changes before they are committed, making it a reliable choice for Linux.

Development tools, such as compilers and libraries, are commonly found in the /usr/local/bin directory. This directory is used for software that is installed locally and not managed by the system's package manager. It's a common location for development tools.

In the context of VPNs in Linux, the PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol) is known for its speed and efficiency but may not be as secure as other options. PPTP has known vulnerabilities, so it's not recommended for highly sensitive or secure communications.

To deny all incoming traffic by default and only allow specific traffic in iptables, one would set the default policy of the INPUT chain to DROP. This means that any incoming traffic that doesn't match an explicit rule will be dropped by default.

QEMU's primary purpose in Linux virtualization is emulation and virtualization. It can emulate various hardware components and architectures, making it a versatile tool for running virtual machines and testing software on different platforms.

The component of the Linux system that manages process scheduling is the Scheduler. The scheduler is responsible for determining the order in which processes are executed on the CPU, ensuring efficient and fair utilization of system resources.