To ensure that machinery operates within safe temperature ranges, a manufacturing company should implement real-time monitoring and control systems. These systems use sensors to continuously measure the temperature of machinery and can automatically adjust operations or send alerts in case of temperature deviations, ensuring safety and efficiency.

Secure boot in IoT devices primarily aims to protect the device from unauthorized firmware, ensuring that only trusted code is executed during bootup. This helps safeguard against malicious software and unauthorized access.

GDPR primarily affects IoT devices by imposing strict data protection and privacy requirements. IoT devices often collect and process personal data, making GDPR compliance crucial.

The integration of conductive fabrics in clothing has enabled the development of smart garments in the wearable IoT sector. Conductive fabrics allow for the integration of sensors, microcontrollers, and power sources directly into clothing, enabling features like temperature monitoring, fitness tracking, and communication in the form of smart textiles.

NoSQL databases are often preferred for IoT data storage because they excel at handling large volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data. IoT devices generate a wide variety of data types, and NoSQL databases provide the flexibility and scalability required to store and query this data efficiently.

Code signing is essential to guarantee that biometric devices are running only authentic firmware. It verifies the authenticity and integrity of the firmware, preventing unauthorized changes. Firmware updates are important but don't guarantee authenticity. Hardware redundancy and intrusion detection systems focus on system reliability and security but not specifically firmware authenticity.

When your smartwatch notifies you of a new message, it's a classic example of M2H (Machine-to-Human) communication. The smartwatch (machine) is relaying information to you (human), indicating a message has arrived.

In the context of real-time communication in IoT with minimal bandwidth usage, MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a widely considered protocol. It is a lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol, designed for constrained devices and low bandwidth scenarios, making it a suitable choice for smart city projects.

5G's ultra-high data transfer speeds are a game-changer for IoT, allowing the rapid exchange of data between devices, enabling new IoT applications.

Post-deployment monitoring and maintenance activities are part of the Operations phase in the IoT project lifecycle. This phase involves ensuring the continued functionality, security, and optimization of the deployed IoT system.