Compromised bootloaders can be detected using digital signatures. Digital signatures verify the authenticity and integrity of the bootloader code, ensuring it hasn't been tampered with before executing it during the boot process.

AWS IoT Core is a platform that allows securely connecting and managing IoT devices. It provides a suite of services for IoT, including device registration, communication, and data processing in the cloud. Cloud computing services, developing mobile applications, and managing databases are related but not the primary purpose of AWS IoT Core.

M2H (Machine-to-Human) communication involves machines or devices communicating with humans. Your smartphone notifying you of low battery is a clear example of this. It's a machine (smartphone) alerting a human (you) about an important status change, which is a common use case in IoT.

To ensure that machinery operates within safe temperature ranges, a manufacturing company should implement real-time monitoring and control systems. These systems use sensors to continuously measure the temperature of machinery and can automatically adjust operations or send alerts in case of temperature deviations, ensuring safety and efficiency.

The primary advantage of edge computing in IoT is to reduce latency by processing data closer to the data source. This reduces the time it takes to analyze and act upon data, making it especially valuable in applications where real-time or near-real-time processing is critical.

NoSQL databases are often preferred for IoT data storage because they excel at handling large volumes of unstructured or semi-structured data. IoT devices generate a wide variety of data types, and NoSQL databases provide the flexibility and scalability required to store and query this data efficiently.

Code signing is essential to guarantee that biometric devices are running only authentic firmware. It verifies the authenticity and integrity of the firmware, preventing unauthorized changes. Firmware updates are important but don't guarantee authenticity. Hardware redundancy and intrusion detection systems focus on system reliability and security but not specifically firmware authenticity.

When your smartwatch notifies you of a new message, it's a classic example of M2H (Machine-to-Human) communication. The smartwatch (machine) is relaying information to you (human), indicating a message has arrived.

In the context of real-time communication in IoT with minimal bandwidth usage, MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a widely considered protocol. It is a lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol, designed for constrained devices and low bandwidth scenarios, making it a suitable choice for smart city projects.

5G's ultra-high data transfer speeds are a game-changer for IoT, allowing the rapid exchange of data between devices, enabling new IoT applications.