Code signing is essential to guarantee that biometric devices are running only authentic firmware. It verifies the authenticity and integrity of the firmware, preventing unauthorized changes. Firmware updates are important but don't guarantee authenticity. Hardware redundancy and intrusion detection systems focus on system reliability and security but not specifically firmware authenticity.

When your smartwatch notifies you of a new message, it's a classic example of M2H (Machine-to-Human) communication. The smartwatch (machine) is relaying information to you (human), indicating a message has arrived.

In the context of real-time communication in IoT with minimal bandwidth usage, MQTT (Message Queuing Telemetry Transport) is a widely considered protocol. It is a lightweight publish-subscribe messaging protocol, designed for constrained devices and low bandwidth scenarios, making it a suitable choice for smart city projects.

5G's ultra-high data transfer speeds are a game-changer for IoT, allowing the rapid exchange of data between devices, enabling new IoT applications.

Post-deployment monitoring and maintenance activities are part of the Operations phase in the IoT project lifecycle. This phase involves ensuring the continued functionality, security, and optimization of the deployed IoT system.

The primary advantage of edge computing in IoT is to reduce latency by processing data closer to the data source. This reduces the time it takes to analyze and act upon data, making it especially valuable in applications where real-time or near-real-time processing is critical.

Bluetooth is not typically considered a standard protocol in IoT communications. While HTTP, MQTT, and XML-RPC are commonly used in IoT applications, Bluetooth is more commonly associated with short-range, point-to-point wireless connections between devices, making it less prevalent in broader IoT scenarios.

The Deployment phase in the IoT project lifecycle involves testing the solution in real-world conditions. It's the stage where the IoT system is put into operation and evaluated in a real environment. Development and Testing are earlier phases, while Evaluation typically follows deployment.

The integration of 5G in IoT is expected to revolutionize all of these sectors. In healthcare, it will enable remote patient monitoring and real-time data transmission. In agriculture, it will enhance precision farming. In transportation, it will improve autonomous vehicles and smart traffic management.

The concern raised by citizens about tracking and storing their movements without anonymization pertains to data privacy. It highlights the need for privacy safeguards in IoT-based systems, especially in public infrastructure.