Apache Spark performs computations in-memory, which is a key improvement over the MapReduce model. This in-memory processing reduces the need for intermediate disk storage, resulting in faster data processing and analysis.

Impala's in-memory processing feature enables it to store and analyze data in memory, providing faster query performance and real-time data analysis capabilities in Hadoop clusters.

Rack awareness in Hadoop refers to the ability of the cluster to be aware of the physical location of nodes within a rack. It contributes to efficiency by optimizing data locality, ensuring that data processing is performed on nodes that are close to the stored data. This minimizes data transfer across the network, improving performance.

The primary role of DataNodes in a Hadoop cluster is to store and manage data blocks. They are responsible for storing the actual data and are distributed across the cluster to ensure fault tolerance and parallel data processing. DataNodes report to the NameNode about the health and status of the data blocks they store.

Split-by in Sqoop specifies the database column to be used for splitting the data during import. This is particularly useful when dealing with large datasets, allowing for parallel processing and efficient data import.

In Kerberos-based authentication for Hadoop, the krb5.conf file is crucial. It defines the realms, KDCs (Key Distribution Centers), and other configuration parameters necessary for secure authentication and authorization in a Hadoop cluster.

In capacity planning, the Throughput of hardware components is a key factor. Throughput measures the amount of data that can be processed in a given time, and it influences the overall performance of a Hadoop cluster. Ensuring sufficient throughput is essential for meeting performance requirements.

Data partitioning in Hadoop increases parallelism by distributing data across nodes. This enhances the efficiency of data transformation processes as multiple nodes can work on different partitions concurrently, speeding up overall processing.

To handle a very large input file efficiently, configuring the MapReduce job to adjust block size is crucial. Larger block sizes can lead to more efficient processing by reducing the number of input splits and overhead associated with task startup.

Kerberos in Hadoop primarily plays the role of authentication. It ensures that only legitimate users and services can access the Hadoop cluster by verifying their identities through a secure authentication process.