Regulatory standards for databases are typically defined by government agencies. These standards may vary depending on the industry and location, and organizations must ensure compliance with the relevant regulations to avoid legal and financial consequences.

ETL testing tools often include data profiling capabilities, allowing testers to analyze the data and identify potential quality issues such as inconsistencies, duplicates, or missing values. Profiling helps in understanding the data distribution and its characteristics, facilitating effective testing and validation of ETL processes.

SQL injection attacks pose a significant threat to database security as they allow malicious actors to execute arbitrary SQL commands on the database. This can lead to unauthorized access to sensitive data, manipulation of data, or even complete database compromise. By injecting malicious SQL code into input fields, attackers can bypass authentication mechanisms and gain unauthorized access to the database, jeopardizing its confidentiality, integrity, and availability.

Query optimization plays a crucial role in SQL testing as it aims to enhance the performance of SQL queries by optimizing their execution plans. This involves identifying inefficient query execution paths and reorganizing or rewriting the queries to improve their efficiency. By optimizing SQL queries, it reduces the response time and resource utilization, thereby enhancing the overall performance of the database system.

Data cleansing is a critical step in the ETL process, where data is cleaned, standardized, and validated to ensure accuracy and consistency. This process improves the quality of data analysis and decision-making by providing reliable and trustworthy data. Testing data cleansing functionalities ensures that the ETL process effectively handles data quality issues and produces reliable results.

Partitioned indexing allows for efficient management of large datasets by dividing them into smaller, manageable chunks for faster access.

The data mapping document specifies the relationships between the source and target systems, guiding the data migration process by detailing how data from various sources will be mapped to the corresponding target.

The correct option is "Summary". Test summary reports play a vital role in communicating key information about the testing process to stakeholders. These reports typically include essential metrics, trends, and findings from the testing activities, providing stakeholders with valuable insights into the quality of the product and areas that require attention.

Testing large datasets presents scalability challenges, where the database system's ability to handle increasing amounts of data efficiently is put to the test. Scalability issues involve ensuring that the system maintains its performance and responsiveness as the dataset size grows, avoiding performance bottlenecks that can hinder overall database functionality.

The SQL statement commonly used for testing the integrity of primary keys in a table is "ALTER TABLE ... ADD CONSTRAINT ... PRIMARY KEY". This statement is used to add a primary key constraint to a table, ensuring that the specified column(s) uniquely identify each row and enforcing data integrity. By adding a primary key constraint, it becomes impossible to insert duplicate or null values into the primary key column(s), thus maintaining the integrity of the data.