The "test effectiveness index" quantifies the effectiveness of the testing efforts by evaluating the ratio of defects found during testing to defects found by customers post-release. A higher index indicates that a significant portion of defects was identified during testing, implying that the testing process was effective in detecting potential issues before they reached the customers. This metric is crucial in assessing the overall quality of testing and guiding improvements in testing strategies to enhance product reliability and customer satisfaction.

Access control lists (ACLs) play a crucial role in authorization testing by managing user permissions. They define which users or groups have access to specific resources or features within the system. By configuring ACLs appropriately, organizations can enforce access control policies and ensure that only authorized users can perform certain actions, enhancing security and compliance.

Data reconciliation testing is the type of data migration testing that ensures data consistency and accuracy after migration. It involves comparing the data in the source system with the data in the target system to verify that all records have been successfully migrated and that there are no discrepancies between them. This type of testing helps in identifying any data loss or corruption issues that may have occurred during the migration process.

Test coverage is a commonly used metric to measure the effectiveness of test execution. It indicates the proportion of the software code that has been tested by the test cases. Higher test coverage implies more thorough testing.

Database testing typically occurs during the testing phase of the software development life cycle (SDLC). During this phase, the developed software is tested to ensure that it meets the specified requirements and functions correctly. Database testing involves verifying the integrity, reliability, and performance of the database system to ensure that it meets the intended purpose and user expectations.

The correct option is "Commit." The ROLLBACK statement in SQL is used to cancel a transaction and undo any changes made since the start of the transaction. It's essential for maintaining data integrity in case of errors or other issues.

Diverse is the correct option. ETL testing can become complex when dealing with diverse data sources, including structured, semi-structured, and unstructured data, as well as complex transformations applied to the data during the ETL process. Testing must account for these variations to ensure the integrity and quality of the data.

Discretionary Access Control (DAC) is a type of access control where the owner of the resource determines who has access. The access rights are determined by the owner or administrator, hence the correct option is "Owner." Sensitivity, Security level, and Classification might relate to the data but do not directly determine access rights in DAC.

Data integrity testing ensures that the data stored and retrieved remains free from corruption. Corruption in data can lead to inaccuracies and inconsistencies, which compromise the integrity of the database.

Database query testing primarily focuses on validating the correctness of SQL queries within test scripts. This involves verifying that the SQL queries perform the intended operations accurately and return the expected results from the database. It ensures that the database interactions within the application function correctly and adhere to the specified requirements. By thoroughly testing SQL queries, testers can identify and rectify any errors or inefficiencies in database interactions, thereby improving the overall reliability and performance of the application.