When discrepancies between database copies are detected during data consistency testing, it's essential to perform thorough data validation to resolve the issues. Data validation involves verifying the accuracy and consistency of data across different sources or copies by comparing them against predefined criteria or rules. This process helps in identifying and resolving discrepancies, ensuring that data remains consistent and reliable throughout the database system.

The rollback plan ensures the ability to return to the original state before data migration, which is crucial for mitigating risks in case of issues during the migration process.

In ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) testing, the "Extraction" phase involves retrieving data from various source systems, which could be databases, files, or other repositories. This phase focuses on efficiently and accurately extracting the required data without loss or corruption.

Historical data analysis with monitoring and profiling tools offers the key benefit of identifying performance trends. By analyzing historical data, one can recognize patterns, understand performance fluctuations over time, and make informed decisions about optimizing database performance. This process helps in proactive performance management and capacity planning.

The SQL JOIN clause is used to combine rows from two or more tables based on a related column between them. It allows you to retrieve data that spans across multiple tables, making it a powerful tool for querying data stored in a relational database management system (RDBMS).

One effective way to prevent SQL injection attacks in your applications is to use parameterized queries. Parameterized queries separate SQL code from user input, making it impossible for attackers to inject malicious SQL commands into input fields. By using placeholders for user input, parameterized queries ensure that user-supplied data is treated as data rather than executable code. Additionally, implementing input validation, using stored procedures, and employing web application firewalls are other strategies to mitigate the risk of SQL injection attacks.

ETL stands for Extract, Transform, Load. It is a crucial process in data warehousing and database testing where data is extracted from various sources, transformed according to business rules, and loaded into a target database or data warehouse for analysis and reporting purposes.

It's important to ensure that test data generation tools comply with data privacy regulations when handling sensitive information. Compliance with privacy regulations ensures that sensitive data is handled appropriately and securely during the testing process.

Database authorization is the process of granting or denying access to specific data based on the user's role and permissions. It ensures that only authorized users can access the data they are allowed to see, thus making option 3 the correct choice.

Authorization testing focuses on evaluating whether users have the necessary permissions and privileges to access specific resources or perform certain actions within the system.