What does a Spearman’s Rank Correlation coefficient of 0 indicate?
- Data cannot be ranked
- No correlation
- Perfect negative correlation
- Perfect positive correlation
A Spearman’s Rank Correlation coefficient of 0 indicates that there is no correlation, meaning changes in one variable do not correspond to changes in the other variable.
How can undercoverage bias occur during sampling?
- By including every individual in the population in the sample
- By not including certain segments of the population in the sample
- By selecting too large of a sample
- By selecting too small of a sample
Undercoverage bias can occur during sampling if certain segments of the population are not included in the sample or are represented less than they should be. This can result in a sample that is not representative of the population, leading to biased estimates.
The Z-score and T-score are both types of _______ scores, which measure the number of standard deviations an observation is from the mean.
- mean
- median
- standard
- variance
The Z-score and T-score are both types of standard scores. They measure the number of standard deviations an observation or statistic is from the mean.
A ________ ANOVA is used when we have two independent variables and want to understand if there is an interaction between them.
- Factorial
- One-way
- Three-way
- Two-way
A two-way ANOVA is used when there are two independent variables. This type of ANOVA assesses the main effects of each independent variable and the interaction effect between the variables.
Can Pearson's Correlation Coefficient determine causality?
- No, never
- Yes, always
- Yes, but additional information is required
- Yes, but only if the coefficient is 1 or -1
No, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient cannot determine causality. It can only measure the degree of linear correlation between two variables. While two variables may be correlated, it does not mean that changes in one variable cause changes in the other. Correlation does not imply causation.
What does the range of a dataset represent?
- The average value
- The middle value
- The most frequent value
- The spread of the data
The range of a dataset is a measure of dispersion, representing the total spread of values in the dataset. It is calculated by subtracting the smallest value from the largest value in the dataset.
In a Venn diagram, the intersection of events A and B is represented by ________.
- The area only inside A
- The area only inside B
- The area outside of A and B
- The area where A and B overlap
In a Venn diagram, the intersection of events A and B is represented by the area where A and B overlap. This represents all outcomes that are in both A and B, or said another way, outcomes that satisfy both events A and B.
________ is a measure of asymmetry of a probability distribution.
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
- Skewness
Skewness is a measure of the asymmetry of a probability distribution about its mean. It quantifies the direction and extent of skew (departure from horizontal symmetry) in the data.
What is the difference between frequentist and Bayesian statistics?
- Bayesians use Bayes' theorem, frequentists do not
- Frequentists believe in probability and Bayesians do not
- Frequentists interpret probability as a long-run frequency, Bayesians as a degree of belief
- There is no difference
Frequentist statistics interprets probability as the long-run frequency of events, whereas Bayesian statistics interprets probability as a degree of belief or as subjective probability. The Bayesian approach uses Bayes' theorem to update probabilities based on new data.
What are confidence intervals used for in statistics?
- To determine the median of a sample
- To determine the spread of data in a sample
- To estimate the population parameter
- To find the mean of a sample
Confidence intervals are used to estimate the range within which the true population parameter lies with a certain degree of confidence. They do not specifically determine the mean, median, or spread of a sample.