What is the effect of monotonic transformations on Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient?
- They decrease the coefficient
- They don't affect the coefficient
- They increase the coefficient
- They make the coefficient negative
Monotonic transformations do not affect the Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient. This is because Spearman's correlation is based on the rank order of data, and monotonic transformations preserve this order.
What's the difference between a histogram and a bar plot?
- Bar plots are for continuous data, histograms for categorical data
- Both are for continuous data only
- Histograms are for continuous data, bar plots for categorical data
- There is no difference
The main difference between a histogram and a bar plot is the type of data they represent. A histogram is used for continuous data, where the bins represent ranges of data, while a bar plot is used for categorical data to compare the frequency or count of different categories.
What is the error term in a simple linear regression model?
- It is the dependent variable
- It is the difference between the observed and predicted values
- It is the independent variable
- It is the slope of the regression line
The error term in a simple linear regression model is the difference between the observed and predicted values. It captures the variability in the dependent variable that is not explained by the independent variable in the model.
Which measure of central tendency is most affected by extreme values or outliers?
- All are equally affected
- Mean
- Median
- Mode
The mean is most affected by extreme values or outliers. The mean calculates the average of all data points in a dataset. Therefore, when an extreme value (either very high or very low compared to the rest) is introduced, it can significantly impact the mean. The median and mode are less affected by outliers.
How does the Sign Test handle ties between paired samples?
- Ties are averaged
- Ties are counted as half a sign
- Ties are discarded
- Ties are included in the test
In the Sign Test, ties between paired samples are generally discarded and not included in the final calculation.
Which type of test is the Sign Test: parametric or non-parametric?
- Both
- Non-parametric
- Parametric
- nan
The Sign Test is a non-parametric test used to test the median of a distribution, or to compare the medians of two distributions.
What does the term 'population' mean in the context of statistics?
- All animals in a zoo
- All people in a country
- The entire group that you are interested in studying
- The group of people who respond to a survey
In the context of statistics, a 'population' refers to the entire set of individuals or items that we are interested in studying. This could range from all the people living in a country, to all the particles in a chemical solution, to all the sales transactions in a store, and so forth. When we collect data from every individual or item in the population, it's called a census. The information gained from a population is reliable and accurate because it accounts for everyone or everything we want to study.
What is an event in the context of probability?
- A hypothesis
- A physical happening
- A possible outcome or combination of outcomes
- An experiment
An event in the context of probability refers to a possible outcome or combination of outcomes from a random experiment. For instance, if we toss a coin, the possible outcomes are 'Heads' and 'Tails'. Each of these outcomes is an event.
What's the probability of the union of two mutually exclusive events A and B?
- P(A) * P(B)
- P(A) + P(B)
- P(A) - P(B)
- P(A) / P(B)
The probability of the union of two mutually exclusive events A and B is given by P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B). This is because mutually exclusive events cannot occur at the same time, so the probability of either event A occurring or event B occurring is the sum of their individual probabilities.
The alternative hypothesis, denoted by H1 or Ha, is the hypothesis that _______ observations are influenced by some non-random cause.
- Population
- Random
- Sample
- Systematic
The alternative hypothesis proposes that there is a difference or an effect in the population and the sample observations are influenced by some non-random cause.