NoSQL databases are schemaless, which means they do not require a fixed schema for data storage. This flexibility allows for the storage of various types of data without predefined structure constraints.

Talend is an ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) tool known for providing native integrations with Apache Hadoop, Apache Spark, and other big data technologies. This makes it a popular choice for organizations dealing with big data workloads, as it allows for efficient data extraction and processing from these technologies within the ETL pipeline. Other tools mentioned do not offer the same level of native integration with big data technologies.

Unsupervised Learning with K-Means Clustering is suitable for customer segmentation as it groups customers based on similarities in credit card usage behavior without predefined labels. Supervised learning requires labeled data, reinforcement learning is used for sequential decision-making, and semi-supervised learning combines labeled and unlabeled data.

Semi-structured data is a type of data that falls between structured and unstructured data. It can often be represented as a combination of structured tables with additional metadata or annotations. This format provides some level of organization and makes it more manageable for analysis. Examples of semi-structured data include JSON, XML, and log files, which have some inherent structure but may also contain unstructured elements.

Real-time data processing is commonly referred to as "Stream Processing." In this approach, data is processed as it is generated, allowing for real-time analysis and decision-making. It is crucial in applications where immediate insights or actions are required.

The Star Schema is a common data warehousing schema where a central fact table stores quantitative data, and dimension tables provide context and details about the data. This schema simplifies querying and reporting.

The median is the middle value in a dataset when it's ordered. It's a measure of central tendency that's not affected by extreme values (outliers). To find the median, you arrange the data in ascending order, and if there's an even number of values, it's the average of the two middle values.

Hybrid recommender systems leverage both collaborative filtering (user-user/item-item) and content-based methods to provide more accurate recommendations. Collaborative filtering focuses on user behavior, while content-based filtering considers item attributes.

The T-test for independent samples is used to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of two independent groups. It is commonly employed in hypothesis testing to compare means. The chi-squared test is used for testing the independence of categorical variables, ANOVA for comparing more than two group means, and the correlation test for measuring the strength and direction of a linear relationship.

The Convolutional layer in Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) is responsible for detecting local features in the input data, such as edges and textures. It does this by applying convolution operations across the input data, which allows the network to recognize spatial patterns in images or other structured data.