A check constraint in a database schema is used to validate data against a specified condition. It ensures that values in a column meet specific criteria, providing a way to control and maintain data integrity.

Document-based modeling is commonly associated with NoSQL databases. Unlike traditional relational databases, NoSQL databases, especially document stores, allow for the storage and retrieval of unstructured or semi-structured data, making them well-suited for document-based modeling.

In a Star Schema, the fact table is surrounded by Dimension tables. Dimension tables contain descriptive attributes and provide context to the measurements stored in the fact table. This design enhances query performance by simplifying joins and optimizing data retrieval for analytical queries.

An Inheritance relationship allows a single entity to inherit properties from multiple superclasses. It is a key concept in object-oriented data modeling, enabling the creation of a more flexible and reusable data model.

The SELECT statement in SQL is used to retrieve data from a database. It allows you to specify the columns you want to retrieve and the conditions for selecting specific rows. This statement is fundamental for querying and extracting information from a database.

In Type 3 Slowly Changing Dimensions (SCD), only the current value and the previous value are stored in the dimension table. This allows for limited historical tracking by capturing the immediate previous state of the dimension attribute.

After creating a conceptual data model in Forward Engineering, the next step is to generate a logical data model. The logical data model further refines the structure and relationships before moving on to the creation of the physical data model.

A many-to-many relationship affects the database schema by necessitating the use of a junction table. This table resolves the complexity of such relationships by breaking them down into two one-to-many relationships, linking the original entities through an intermediary table.

The different types of indexing methods in modern database systems include B-Tree, Hashing, Bitmap, and Clustered indexing. Each method serves specific purposes, such as efficient searching and sorting of data.

The Star Schema is more denormalized compared to the Snowflake Schema. In a Star Schema, the dimension tables are directly connected to the fact table, resulting in a simpler and more denormalized structure. This makes query performance better for analytical purposes.