How does data lineage contribute to regulatory compliance in metadata management?
- By automating data backups
- By encrypting sensitive data
- By optimizing database performance
- By providing a clear audit trail of data transformations and movements
Data lineage traces the flow of data from its source through various transformations to its destination, providing a comprehensive audit trail. This audit trail is crucial for regulatory compliance as it ensures transparency and accountability in data handling processes, facilitating easier validation of data for regulatory purposes.
What does a diamond shape in an ERD signify?
- Attribute
- Entity
- Primary Key
- Relationship
A diamond shape in an Entity-Relationship Diagram (ERD) signifies a relationship between entities. It represents how entities are related to each other in the database model.
What does the acronym ETL stand for in data engineering?
- Extend, Transfer, Load
- Extract, Transfer, Load
- Extract, Transform, List
- Extract, Transform, Load
ETL stands for Extract, Transform, Load. It refers to the process of extracting data from various sources, transforming it into a consistent format, and loading it into a target destination for analysis or storage.
Which of the following is a primary purpose of indexing in a database?
- Enforcing data integrity
- Improving the speed of data retrieval
- Reducing storage space
- Simplifying database administration
Indexing in a database primarily serves to enhance the speed of data retrieval by creating a structured mechanism for locating data, often using B-tree or hash-based data structures.
Which component of Apache Spark is responsible for scheduling tasks across the cluster?
- Spark Driver
- Spark Executor
- Spark Master
- Spark Scheduler
The Spark Scheduler is responsible for scheduling tasks across the cluster. It allocates resources and manages the execution of tasks on worker nodes, ensuring efficient utilization of cluster resources.
Scenario: Your team is tasked with designing a system to handle real-time analytics on social media interactions. Which type of NoSQL database would you recommend, and why?
- Column Store
- Document Store
- Graph Database
- Key-Value Store
For real-time analytics on social media interactions, a Graph Database would be recommended. It's suitable for representing complex relationships between entities like users, posts, and interactions, facilitating efficient query processing.
How does data profiling contribute to the effectiveness of the ETL process?
- Accelerating data processing, Simplifying data querying, Streamlining data transformation, Automating data extraction
- Enhancing data visualization, Improving data modeling, Facilitating data governance, Securing data access
- Identifying data anomalies, Ensuring data accuracy, Optimizing data storage, Validating data integrity
- Standardizing data formats, Enforcing data encryption, Auditing data access, Maintaining data backups
Data profiling in the ETL process involves analyzing data to identify anomalies, ensuring accuracy, optimizing storage, and validating integrity, which enhances the effectiveness and reliability of subsequent ETL operations.
What is the primary purpose of error handling in data pipelines?
- Enhancing data visualization techniques
- Identifying and resolving data inconsistencies
- Optimizing data storage efficiency
- Preventing data loss and ensuring data reliability
Error handling in data pipelines primarily focuses on preventing data loss and ensuring data reliability. It involves mechanisms to detect, capture, and address errors that occur during data processing, transformation, and movement. By handling errors effectively, data pipelines maintain data integrity and consistency, ensuring that accurate data is available for downstream analysis and decision-making.
Scenario: Your team is experiencing slow query performance in a production database. Upon investigation, you find that there are no indexes on the columns frequently used in the WHERE clause of queries. What would be your recommended solution to improve query performance?
- Create Indexes on the frequently used columns
- Increase server memory
- Optimize SQL queries
- Upgrade database hardware
To improve query performance, creating indexes on the columns frequently used in the WHERE clause can significantly reduce the time taken for query execution by allowing the database engine to quickly locate the relevant rows.
In which scenario would you consider using a non-clustered index over a clustered index?
- When you frequently query a large range of values
- When you need to enforce a primary key constraint
- When you need to physically reorder the table data
- When you want to ensure data integrity
A non-clustered index is considered when you frequently query a large range of values or when you want to avoid the overhead of reordering the physical data in the table, which is required by a clustered index.