Exponential backoff is a retry strategy commonly used in data processing systems, where the delay between retry attempts increases exponentially after each failed attempt. This approach helps in managing congestion, reducing contention, and improving the efficiency of retry mechanisms in distributed environments. By increasing the delay exponentially, the system reduces the likelihood of retry storms and mitigates the impact of transient failures or overload situations on system performance.

A primary key is a unique identifier for each row in a table and is often used to establish relationships between tables in a relational database. It ensures that each row is uniquely identifiable within the table.

Data mapping involves establishing relationships between source and target data elements, enabling the transformation process to accurately transfer data from the source to the destination according to predefined mappings.

Monitoring in data pipelines serves the purpose of detecting and resolving issues in real-time. It involves tracking various metrics such as data throughput, latency, error rates, and resource utilization to ensure the smooth functioning of the pipeline. By continuously monitoring these metrics, data engineers can identify bottlenecks, errors, and performance degradation promptly, enabling them to take corrective actions and maintain data pipeline reliability and efficiency.

For this use case, I would propose a technology stack comprising Apache Kafka for real-time data ingestion, Apache Hadoop for distributed storage and batch processing, and Apache Spark for real-time analytics. Key considerations include the ability to handle high volumes of transaction data efficiently, support for real-time processing, fault tolerance, and scalability to accommodate future growth. Apache Kafka provides scalable and durable messaging, Hadoop offers distributed storage and batch processing capabilities, while Spark enables real-time analytics with its in-memory processing engine. This stack ensures the processing and analysis of massive transaction data in real-time, meeting the requirements of the financial company.

Data cleansing is a data quality assessment technique that focuses on identifying and correcting incorrect or inconsistent data values. It involves various processes such as parsing, standardization, and enrichment to ensure that data is accurate and reliable for analysis and decision-making. By detecting and rectifying errors, data cleansing enhances the overall quality and usability of the dataset.

Data quality metrics are used to assess the quality and reliability of data. These metrics help in evaluating various aspects of data such as accuracy, completeness, consistency, timeliness, and validity. By measuring these metrics, organizations can identify data issues and take corrective actions to improve data quality, which is crucial for making informed decisions and ensuring the effectiveness of data-driven initiatives.

Parallel processing in ETL optimization involves distributing tasks across multiple nodes or cores, enabling simultaneous processing and faster execution of ETL jobs, thus improving overall performance.

Data risk management involves identifying and mitigating risks associated with data assets within an organization. It encompasses assessing potential threats to data integrity, confidentiality, and availability, as well as evaluating vulnerabilities in data management processes and infrastructure. By identifying and addressing risks proactively, organizations can safeguard their data assets against potential breaches, unauthorized access, data loss, and other adverse events.

Data validity and accuracy are two distinct dimensions of data quality assessment. Data validity refers to the extent to which data conforms to predefined rules, standards, or constraints, ensuring that it is fit for its intended purpose. On the other hand, data accuracy measures how closely data reflects the true value or reality it represents. While validity ensures data adherence to rules, accuracy evaluates the correctness and precision of the data itself, regardless of its conformity to predefined criteria. Both aspects are essential for ensuring high-quality data that can be trusted for decision-making and analysis purposes.