Change Data Capture (CDC) is a data extraction technique that involves reading data from a source system's transaction log to capture changes since the last extraction, enabling incremental updates to the data warehouse.

Apache Hive provides a SQL-like interface called HiveQL for querying and analyzing data stored in Hadoop. This interface simplifies data querying for users familiar with SQL.

A dimension table in a data warehouse contains descriptive attributes about the data, such as customer demographics or product categories. These tables provide context for the measures stored in fact tables.

When selecting the appropriate pipeline architecture for processing IoT-generated log data in real-time, factors such as scalability, fault tolerance, low latency, and data consistency are crucial. Scalability ensures the system can handle increasing data volumes. Fault tolerance guarantees system reliability even in the face of failures. Low latency ensures timely processing of incoming data streams. Data consistency ensures the accuracy and integrity of processed data across the pipeline.

A physical data model includes storage structures and access methods, specifying how data will be stored and accessed in the underlying database system, which the conceptual and logical models do not.

Data stewardship involves overseeing data quality and consistency within a data governance framework. Data stewards are responsible for defining and enforcing data standards, resolving data-related issues, and advocating for the proper use and management of data assets across the organization.

The use of data compression can optimize ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) processes by reducing the physical storage required for data. It involves encoding data in a more compact format, thereby reducing the amount of disk space needed to store it.

To design a scalable data extraction solution for handling high data volumes effectively, techniques such as parallel processing, distributed computing, data partitioning strategies, and load balancing should be employed. These approaches enable efficient extraction, processing, and management of large datasets across various sources, ensuring scalability and performance.

Least connections routing is a load balancing technique that distributes incoming requests across multiple servers based on the current number of active connections. Servers with fewer connections receive more requests, helping to evenly distribute the workload and prevent any single server from becoming overwhelmed. This approach promotes efficient resource utilization and enhances system reliability by preventing overload on individual servers.

In response to a security breach in a Data Lake, an organization should enact its incident response plan, implement data encryption to protect sensitive data, enforce access control policies to limit unauthorized access, and conduct security auditing to identify vulnerabilities. Preventative measures may include regular data backups, disaster recovery plans, and data masking techniques to obfuscate sensitive information.