Push Data Pipeline is not a commonly used data extraction technique. ETL, CDC, and Web Scraping are more commonly employed methods for extracting data from various sources.

In normalization, a functional dependency occurs when one attribute in a relation uniquely determines another attribute's value. This forms the basis for eliminating redundancy and ensuring data integrity.

A physical data model includes aspects such as storage parameters and optimization strategies, which are not present in conceptual or logical models. These aspects are essential for database implementation and performance tuning.

A data governance framework establishes ownership and accountability for data-related activities within an organization. It defines roles and responsibilities for managing and protecting data, ensuring that individuals or teams are accountable for data quality, security, and compliance. Ownership ensures that there are clear stakeholders responsible for making decisions about data governance policies and practices.

To optimize retry settings for resource efficiency, adjusting retry intervals based on resource utilization is crucial. By dynamically scaling retry intervals in response to system load, the application can balance reliability and resource efficiency effectively. This approach ensures that retries are performed when system resources are available, minimizing unnecessary resource consumption during periods of high demand.

Advanced data modeling tools like ERWin or Visio offer features such as forward engineering, submodeling, version control, and data dictionary management to efficiently manage complex relationships and ensure the integrity of the database schema.

A Star Join in a data warehouse combines data from multiple fact tables by joining each fact table directly to a central dimension table, forming a star schema.

Operators in Apache Airflow are specialized task classes used to define the parameters, dependencies, and execution logic for individual tasks within workflows. They encapsulate the functionality of tasks, allowing users to specify configurations, input data, and other task-specific settings. Operators play a central role in defining and orchestrating complex data pipelines in Apache Airflow, making them a fundamental concept for data engineers and workflow developers.

Data transformation occurs during the transformation phase of ETL, where the extracted data is modified, cleansed, and standardized into a format suitable for analysis, reporting, or loading into a data warehouse.

Talend is an ETL tool that is widely recognized for its intuitive visual interface and drag-and-drop functionality, enabling users to easily design and implement complex data pipelines without writing code.