Apache ________ is a distributed messaging system commonly used for building real-time data pipelines and streaming applications.
- Flume
- Kafka
- RabbitMQ
- Storm
Apache Kafka is a distributed messaging system known for its high throughput, fault-tolerance, and scalability. It is commonly used in real-time data processing scenarios for building data pipelines and streaming applications, where it facilitates the ingestion, processing, and delivery of large volumes of data with low latency and high reliability.
Scenario: A social media platform experiences rapid user growth, leading to performance issues with its database system. How would you address these issues while maintaining data consistency and availability?
- Implementing a caching layer
- Implementing eventual consistency
- Optimizing database queries
- Replicating the database across multiple regions
Replicating the database across multiple regions helps distribute the workload geographically and improves fault tolerance and disaster recovery capabilities. It enhances data availability by allowing users to access data from the nearest replica, reducing latency. Additionally, it helps maintain consistency through mechanisms like synchronous replication and conflict resolution strategies.
Scenario: Your organization stores customer data, including personally identifiable information (PII). A data breach has occurred, and customer data has been compromised. What steps should you take to mitigate the impact of the breach and ensure compliance with relevant regulations?
- Deny the breach, silence affected customers, modify security policies, and avoid regulatory reporting
- Downplay the breach, blame external factors, delete compromised data, and continue operations as usual
- Ignore the breach, improve security measures, terminate affected employees, and conduct internal training
- Notify affected customers, conduct a thorough investigation, enhance security measures, and report the breach to relevant authorities
In the event of a data breach, it's crucial to take immediate action to mitigate its impact and comply with regulations. This includes notifying affected customers promptly to mitigate potential harm, conducting a thorough investigation to understand the breach's scope and root cause, enhancing security measures to prevent future incidents, and reporting the breach to relevant authorities as required by law. Transparency, accountability, and proactive remediation are essential to rebuilding trust and minimizing regulatory penalties.
In normalization, the process of breaking down a large table into smaller tables to reduce data redundancy and improve data integrity is called ________.
- Aggregation
- Decomposition
- Denormalization
- Normalization
Decomposition is the process in normalization where a large table is broken down into smaller tables to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity by eliminating anomalies.
What are some potential drawbacks of denormalization compared to normalization?
- Complexity in data modification
- Decreased query performance
- Increased data redundancy
- Potential for data inconsistency
Some potential drawbacks of denormalization compared to normalization include decreased query performance due to redundant data storage, which can lead to increased storage requirements and additional complexity in maintaining data integrity.
________ is a caching strategy used to store frequently accessed data in memory to reduce the load on the database.
- Lazy loading
- Materialized view
- Memoization
- Write-through caching
Materialized view is a caching strategy commonly used in database systems to store frequently accessed query results in memory. It precomputes and stores the results of queries as tables, allowing for faster retrieval and reduced load on the underlying database by avoiding repeated execution of expensive queries. This helps in improving query performance and overall system scalability.
The ________ model in NoSQL databases ensures that updates are propagated to all nodes eventually but does not guarantee immediate consistency.
- ACID
- BASE
- CAP
- SQL
The BASE (Basically Available, Soft state, Eventually consistent) model in NoSQL databases prioritizes availability and partition tolerance over immediate consistency. It allows for eventual consistency, meaning that updates are propagated to all nodes eventually but may not be immediately reflected across the system.
________ is a framework that provides guidelines for organizations to manage and protect sensitive data and maintain compliance with relevant regulations.
- CCPA (California Consumer Privacy Act)
- GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation)
- HIPAA (Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act)
- PCI DSS (Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard)
GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) is a comprehensive framework designed to protect the privacy and personal data of individuals within the European Union (EU) and the European Economic Area (EEA). It establishes guidelines for organizations on data processing, storage, and transfer, as well as requirements for obtaining consent, notifying data breaches, and appointing data protection officers. Compliance with GDPR is essential for organizations handling EU/EEA citizens' data to avoid hefty fines and maintain trust with customers.
The conceptual data model is often represented using ________ such as entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs).
- Graphical notations
- Indexes
- SQL statements
- Tables
The conceptual data model is represented using graphical notations such as entity-relationship diagrams (ERDs), which depict high-level relationships and concepts within the data model.
The SQL command used to permanently remove a table from the database is ________.
- DELETE TABLE
- DROP TABLE
- REMOVE TABLE
- TRUNCATE TABLE
The SQL command "DROP TABLE" is used to permanently remove a table and all associated data from the database. It should be used with caution as it cannot be undone and leads to the loss of all data in the table.