The physical data model includes details such as data types, indexes, and storage specifications, which are essential for designing the underlying database structure and optimizing performance and storage.

Parallelization is a technique used in ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) optimization to distribute data processing across multiple nodes or servers. It involves dividing the workload among multiple processors to improve efficiency and reduce processing time.

Change Data Capture (CDC) is a common technique in the ETL (Extract, Transform, Load) process. It captures changes made to data in the source systems and reflects them in the target system, ensuring data consistency.

Metadata management plays a vital role in facilitating data governance through data lineage by providing visibility into data origins and transformations. By documenting the flow of data from its source to its destination and capturing metadata about each step, organizations can understand how data is used, manipulated, and transformed across different processes. This visibility enables stakeholders to assess data quality, identify potential issues, and ensure compliance with regulatory requirements. Moreover, metadata management supports data lineage by linking data assets to business glossaries, policies, and standards, thereby enhancing data governance practices.

Outlier detection in data cleansing aims to identify and remove data points that deviate significantly from the rest of the dataset. Outliers can skew statistical analyses and machine learning models, leading to inaccurate results or biased predictions. Detecting and addressing outliers helps improve the quality and reliability of the dataset for downstream analysis and modeling tasks.

Implementing exponential backoff with jitter is a robust strategy for handling errors in a data pipeline. This approach gradually increases the time between retry attempts, reducing the load on the system during transient failures. Adding jitter introduces randomness to the retry intervals, preventing synchronization of retry attempts and reducing the likelihood of overwhelming the system when issues persist.

Fault tolerance plays a crucial role in real-time data processing systems by ensuring uninterrupted operation despite hardware or software failures. This is achieved through mechanisms such as replication, redundancy, and failover strategies. By maintaining system availability and data integrity, fault tolerance enables real-time systems to handle failures gracefully, minimizing downtime and ensuring reliable data processing.

Scalability is the ability of a real-time data processing system to handle high volumes of data with minimal delay. Scalable systems can efficiently process increasing data loads by distributing workloads across multiple resources or nodes, thereby maintaining performance and responsiveness. This is crucial for handling growing data volumes and maintaining system performance under varying workloads.

The process of metadata governance involves capturing, storing, and analyzing metadata to ensure data lineage accuracy. Metadata governance establishes policies, standards, and processes for managing metadata throughout its lifecycle, including creation, usage, and maintenance. It aims to maintain metadata quality, consistency, and relevance, supporting effective data management and decision-making.

The choice between Apache NiFi and Talend for ETL tasks depends on specific requirements. Apache NiFi is preferred for real-time data streaming, IoT data processing, and complex data routing scenarios, while Talend excels in batch processing, data integration, and master data management. Understanding these distinctions ensures optimal tool selection.