In file system security, what restricts or allows specific actions (like reading, writing, executing) on a file or a directory?
- ACL
- BIOS
- Firewall
- SMTP
Access Control Lists (ACLs) are used to restrict or allow specific actions on files or directories. They define who can access the file or directory, what actions they can perform (e.g., read, write, execute), and under what conditions they can do so.
In a VPN, what is the role of a "tunneling protocol"?
- It encrypts data in transit
- It establishes connections
- It manages user authentication
- It routes traffic to external servers
A "tunneling protocol" plays a crucial role in VPNs by encapsulating data in a secure "tunnel," encrypting it, and ensuring safe transit through untrusted networks.
Which method is commonly used by organizations to test the effectiveness of their security awareness training?
- Firewall configurations
- Phishing simulations
- Social engineering
- Virtual private networks (VPNs)
Phishing simulations are commonly used by organizations to test the effectiveness of their security awareness training. They simulate phishing attacks to see how well employees can recognize and respond to phishing attempts.
In a PKI (Public Key Infrastructure) system, the private key is used to _______ a message, while the public key is used to _______ it.
- Encode, Decode
- Encrypt, Decrypt
- Hash, Validate
- Sign, Verify
In a PKI system, the private key is used to sign a message, providing proof of the sender's identity and ensuring data integrity. The public key is used to verify the signature, allowing recipients to confirm the sender's identity and data authenticity.
What mechanism does IPsec use to ensure data integrity and confidentiality at the same time?
- AH (Authentication Header)
- ESP (Encapsulating Security Payload)
- PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol)
- SSL (Secure Sockets Layer)
IPsec uses ESP, the Encapsulating Security Payload, to provide both data integrity and confidentiality. ESP encapsulates the original packet and adds encryption and integrity checks.
A process in which an operating system ensures that an application only accesses the resources necessary for its legitimate purpose is called what?
- Clustering
- Multithreading
- Sandboxing
- Virtualization
The process in which an operating system ensures that an application only accesses the resources necessary for its legitimate purpose is called "Sandboxing." Sandboxing is a security mechanism that isolates applications, preventing them from making unauthorized changes to a system or accessing resources they shouldn't. It enhances security by containing potentially harmful processes.
Which of the following best describes a "zero-day" vulnerability?
- A vulnerability known for zero days
- A vulnerability that's been exploited zero times
- A vulnerability that's undisclosed to the vendor
- A vulnerability with no known exploits
A "zero-day" vulnerability is one that's undisclosed to the software or hardware vendor, meaning there are no patches or fixes available. It's called "zero-day" because it's effectively day zero of the vendor's awareness.
Which of the following is a primary goal of operating system hardening?
- Enhancing security by reducing vulnerabilities
- Expanding network connectivity
- Increasing system performance
- Simplifying user interfaces
The primary goal of operating system hardening is to enhance security by reducing vulnerabilities. This involves configuring the OS to minimize potential attack vectors and make it more resistant to security threats and exploits.
A company hired an ethical hacker to assess its security posture. After the assessment, the hacker provided a detailed report showing several vulnerabilities but did not exploit any. Which type of test did the hacker most likely perform?
- Penetration Test
- Red Team Exercise
- Security Audit
- Vulnerability Assessment
The hacker likely performed a Vulnerability Assessment, which identifies vulnerabilities without exploiting them. A Penetration Test would involve exploiting vulnerabilities.
In an incident reporting procedure, a _______ is typically designated to coordinate the response and recovery efforts.
- CEO
- CISO
- CSIRT
- CTO
In an incident reporting procedure, a CSIRT (Computer Security Incident Response Team) is typically designated to coordinate the response and recovery efforts. A CSIRT is a team of experts responsible for the protection against and management of cybersecurity incidents.