The goto statement can only jump to labels within the same _______.
- function
- file
- scope
- class
The goto statement in C++ can only jump to labels within the same function. Jumping between functions or other scopes would introduce significant complexity and is not allowed.
In a financial application, you are processing transaction data in a loop. When a fraudulent transaction is detected, it needs to be logged and then the processing needs to continue with the next transaction. How would the continue statement be utilized effectively in this scenario?
- To exit the application.
- To restart the loop from the beginning.
- To skip the fraudulent transaction and continue with the next.
- To reprocess the fraudulent transaction.
The continue statement is used to skip the current iteration of a loop and move to the next one. In the given scenario, once a fraudulent transaction is detected and logged, the continue statement can be used to skip any further processing for that transaction and immediately start processing the next transaction in the loop.
You're reviewing a C++ codebase and notice that a function processing large data structures is passed its arguments by value, potentially causing unnecessary copies and overhead. What might be a more efficient way to pass these structures without modifying the original data?
- Passing by pointer
- Passing by reference
- Using lambda functions
- Using std::move
Passing arguments by reference allows functions to access the original memory location without creating a copy, leading to more efficient memory usage. While passing by pointer can achieve a similar outcome, it requires manual dereferencing. Passing by reference is a more idiomatic solution in C++ for this use case.
What is the primary purpose of the break statement in C++ loops?
- To skip the next iteration
- To pause the loop for a moment
- To terminate the loop
- To reduce execution time
The break statement in C++ is used to terminate the loop, irrespective of whether the loop's condition has been met or not. This can be useful when a certain condition, separate from the loop's terminating condition, is met and the loop needs to end prematurely.
Which type of inheritance in C++ restricts a derived class from inheriting from more than one base class?
- Single inheritance
- Multiple inheritance
- Hierarchical inheritance
- Hybrid inheritance
Single inheritance restricts a derived class to inherit from only one base class. While C++ supports multiple inheritance, where a class can inherit from more than one class, single inheritance ensures there's a straightforward lineage from the base to the derived class, avoiding complexities and potential ambiguities.
What will happen if a function does not return a value but has a return type other than void?
- It will cause a runtime error.
- It will return a random value.
- The program will not compile.
- The function will return zero.
When a function in C++ is declared with a return type other than void, it's a promise that the function will return a value of that type. If the function does not return any value, it will lead to a compilation error because the contract of returning a value (as per its declaration) is violated.
How does the C++ compiler handle different types of exceptions in a function template?
- It uses dynamic casting to determine the type.
- It uses overloading to handle exceptions.
- Each instantiation gets its own set of exceptions.
- The compiler ignores type-specific exceptions.
In C++, when a function template is instantiated, it gets its own version of the function, complete with its own set of exceptions. This means that if different instantiations of the function template throw different exceptions, each instantiation will have its own set of exceptions to catch. This provides a level of type-safety during exception handling.
The _______ function is used to move the file pointer to a specified position in the file.
- tellp
- seekp
- get
- put
The seekp function is used with output file streams to set the position of the next character to be inserted into the file. It essentially moves the file pointer to a specified position, allowing for efficient and targeted writing or modifying of file contents.
Which access specifier allows a class member to be accessible only within its own class and friends?
- public
- protected
- private
- global
The private access specifier in C++ ensures that class members are accessible only within the class they are defined and by friend functions or classes. This helps in the principle of encapsulation, keeping data and methods secure from unintended access.
When might using a table of function pointers be preferable over a switch-case statement for handling various cases/conditions?
- When handling a static set of conditions that seldom change.
- When trying to make the code more object-oriented.
- When handling a very large number of cases that might change dynamically or are loaded from an external source.
- When the conditions are based on string values.
Using a table of function pointers can be highly beneficial when there's a need to handle a dynamic set of conditions, especially if these conditions might be loaded from an external source or change during runtime. It allows for a more flexible and extensible approach than hard-coding numerous cases in a switch-case statement. Furthermore, it can lead to cleaner and more maintainable code in some scenarios.