Runtime polymorphism in C++ is achieved through the use of virtual functions. These are functions in the base class that you can override in derived classes. The decision about which method to call (the one in the base class or the one in the derived class) is made at runtime, based on the actual type of the object being pointed to, rather than the type of the pointer. This allows for more dynamic behavior and is a core feature of object-oriented programming in C++.

In C++, if you don't specify an access specifier for the members of a class, they are implicitly set to private. This means that they can't be accessed or viewed from objects of the class or any derived class unless friends.

When a char literal is assigned to an unsigned char variable, C++ preserves its exact value. If the char literal's value is negative, when assigned to an unsigned char, it wraps around using standard two's complement arithmetic.

When a class contains a pointer that has memory allocated to it dynamically, it's crucial to have a destructor to release that memory when the object is destroyed to prevent memory leaks.

The continue statement, when encountered inside a loop, causes the program to skip the rest of the current iteration and move directly to the loop condition to check if the next iteration should commence. In essence, it "continues" to the next iteration of the loop without finishing the current one.

In embedded systems with memory constraints, storage size becomes a primary concern. A float generally occupies 4 bytes, while a double occupies 8 bytes. Hence, if precision offered by float is acceptable for the application, it would be preferable to use float to save memory space.

In C++, inheritance is specified by placing the colon (:) followed by an access specifier (public, protected, or private) and then the name of the base class. The public keyword itself is not used for inheritance, but rather indicates the type of inheritance.

Passing by value means the function receives a copy of the argument. As a result, any changes made to the parameter within the function don't affect the original data, ensuring it remains unaltered outside the function's scope.

The != operator in C++ is the "not equal to" operator. It returns true if the operands on either side are not equal. For example, 5 != 3 evaluates to true, while 5 != 5 evaluates to false. The other options represent other comparison operations.

When passing arguments by reference in C++, any modifications made to the parameter within the function directly alter the original argument. This is different from passing by value, where the function works on a copy and the original remains unchanged.