Both struct and class in C++ can have member functions, data members, and can support inheritance. The primary difference is the default access level: members of a struct are public by default, whereas members of a class are private. Other functionalities between them are essentially identical.

While erase can remove elements from a vector, to efficiently remove all instances of a value, you'd first use remove to move those elements to the end and then use erase. This is known as the "erase-remove" idiom in C++.

In C++, the "base" keyword is not actually used. The correct way to access base class members is through the use of the base class name or the scope resolution operator. However, "base" is a term from C#.

Encapsulation is a key concept in object-oriented programming where the data (members) and the functions (methods) that operate on this data are bundled together as a single unit known as a class.

In C++, the 'this' pointer is an implicit pointer to the object on which a member function is called. Since friend functions are not member functions of a class, they do not have access to this pointer. They operate as external functions with special access permissions.

Implementing journaling or write-ahead logging means changes are first logged to a separate, sequential log. In case of failures, this log can be used to bring the file back to a consistent state. This provides a safeguard against data corruption or loss during unforeseen events.

In C++, the members of a structure (struct) are public by default. This means they can be accessed from functions outside the structure. This is in contrast to the members of a class, which are private by default and cannot be accessed or viewed outside of the class.

When parameters are passed by value, a copy of the argument is made for the function. Any modifications to this copy do not affect the original argument outside the function.

In C++, when a class inherits from multiple base classes, each base class will have its own virtual table. Thus, an object of the derived class will have separate virtual tables for each inherited class to handle dynamic dispatch for function calls, ensuring correct method resolution.

When a pointer is passed by value to a function, the function gets a copy of the pointer. This means that the function can modify the data at the address the pointer points to, but it cannot change the address of the original pointer itself.