The short int type in C++ is typically 16 bits in size. Given that it's signed, half of the 2^16 possible values are negative. The range thus typically starts at -32768 and goes up to 32767.

In a loop, the break statement is used to exit the loop prematurely, halting its execution entirely. On the other hand, the continue statement skips the remaining part of the current iteration and jumps to the next iteration.

Class templates in C++ provide the ability to create classes that can work with a variety of data types without the need to redefine the class for each type, offering a level of genericity and flexibility in code design.

Streams, which are part of the C++ Standard Library, were formalized in the C++98 standard. They provide a mechanism to perform input and output operations.

When an exception is thrown but not caught in a C++ program, it leads to the termination of the program. This is because unhandled exceptions indicate unforeseen errors, and the program cannot predict how to safely continue in such cases.

The diamond problem arises in C++ multiple inheritance when one class inherits from two classes that have a common base class. This can lead to ambiguity regarding which base class member should be accessed. The "virtual" keyword before the base class prevents the compiler from creating multiple instances of the base class, thus resolving the diamond problem.

Hierarchical Inheritance is when multiple derived classes inherit from a single base class. All the derived classes share the features of that one common base class. This kind of inheritance structure resembles a hierarchy or tree structure.

In C++, an abstract class is defined by having at least one pure virtual function. This means the function is declared but not defined within the class, ensuring that derived classes must implement it.

In C++, both structs and classes can have member functions, inherit from others, and serve many of the same roles. The primary difference is the default access level (structs default to public; classes default to private). However, structs are conventionally used for simple data storage without associated behavior or methods.

In C++, structs are typically used for lightweight user-defined data types. They default to public member access, making it easier to access the members directly without the need for getters and setters. Classes default to private access and are generally used when encapsulation is a primary concern.