While the performance of switch-case statements and if-else chains can depend on various factors, often, the switch-case statement is more optimized by compilers when dealing with a large number of conditions. The reason being, the compiler can optimize switch-case into a jump table or an array of branch instructions. However, it's always crucial to profile code in practice as the optimization might vary with compiler implementations and versions.

A constructor is a special member function of a class that is executed whenever a new object of that class is created. Its primary role is to initialize the attributes or properties of the class, ensuring that the object starts its life in a controlled state.

"Const correctness" is a concept in C++ that ensures certain functions or methods don't modify the data they're working on. By declaring pointers or references as 'const', you're ensuring that they can't be used to modify the underlying data. This provides a level of safety against unintended side-effects and potential sources of memory corruption.

A tail-recursive function has its recursive call as the last action, which means the function doesn't need to hold onto its context or any other state between recursive calls. This nature allows it to be easily translated into an iterative structure, primarily using loops.

In C++, if the new operator fails to allocate the requested memory, it throws an exception of type bad_alloc. This is especially useful in situations where robustness is necessary, as it allows programs to handle memory allocation failures gracefully.

In C++, a conversion constructor is a single-parameter constructor that allows the implicit or explicit conversion of an argument type to the class type. It enables a seamless conversion of one data type (often built-in types) to the type of the class being defined.

In C++, the try block is used to wrap the code that might throw an exception. If any part of the code inside the try block throws an exception, the execution immediately shifts to the corresponding catch block to handle the exception, if a matching catch exists.

When a recursive algorithm recalculates the same values repeatedly, it leads to unnecessary computational overhead. Memoization is a technique where you store the results of expensive function calls and return the cached result when the same inputs occur again, preventing redundant calculations. This is especially useful in recursive algorithms like those seen in dynamic programming.

The ASCII value for the uppercase letter 'A' is 65 in decimal. ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) assigns each character a unique number between 0 and 127.

The break statement is primarily used to terminate loops and switch statements. Using a break outside these constructs, like directly inside a function without a loop or switch, would result in a compilation error as it wouldn't have a clear context to operate within.