Imagine you're refactoring a legacy C++ codebase. It heavily uses friend functions, leading to a maintenance burden and difficult-to-follow code. What strategy might you adopt to improve encapsulation and maintainability without sacrificing performance?
- Use inheritance exclusively.
- Encapsulate the required data and use getter/setter functions.
- Make all data public to avoid using friend functions.
- Refactor to use forward declarations.
While getter and setter methods might introduce a slight overhead, modern compilers can inline these functions to ensure minimal performance impact. By encapsulating data, you enhance the maintainability and structure of the code.
Imagine a scenario where you have to maintain a collection of elements while keeping them sorted after insertions and deletions. Which STL container would be the most efficient choice for this task?
- vector
- list
- set
- queue
The STL set container maintains its elements in sorted order by keys. It automatically reorders itself after insertions and deletions, making it the most efficient choice for maintaining a sorted collection without requiring manual reordering.
Imagine you are developing a Graphic Design Application where different types of shapes are drawn. Which OOP concept will simplify the code?
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
- Encapsulation
- Abstraction
Abstraction allows for simplifying complex reality while exposing only the necessary parts. By abstracting the concept of a shape, each specific shape (like Circle, Rectangle, Triangle) can implement its drawing method while adhering to a common interface or abstract base class.
Declaring a function as a friend within a class _______ make that function a member of the class.
- does
- doesn't
- might
- could
Declaring a function as a friend within a class gives that function the ability to access the class's private and protected members. However, it doesn't make that function a member of the class. A friend function remains a non-member function, but it's just granted special access privileges.
You're designing a calendar application and need to determine if a year is a leap year. Leap years are divisible by 4 but not divisible by 100 unless they are also divisible by 400. Which arithmetic operators are crucial for this determination?
- + and -
- * and /
- % and ==
- > and <
To determine if a year is a leap year, we need to check if the year is divisible by certain numbers. The modulus operator (%) gives the remainder of a division and can be used to check for divisibility. The equality operator (==) is used to check if the remainder is zero. Hence, the combination of % and == is crucial to check the divisibility conditions required to determine a leap year.
In tail recursion, the recursive call is the _______ action to be performed in the function.
- first
- middle
- penultimate
- last
In tail recursion, the function's recursive call is the last action executed. The significance of tail recursion is that the current function frame can be discarded before the recursive call is made, potentially allowing compilers to optimize the recursion by reusing the current function's stack frame for the next.
You are tasked with implementing a recursive algorithm that, during testing, experiences a stack overflow error. Which approach might be most effective in resolving this issue without significantly altering the algorithm?
- Increase the system's stack size.
- Convert recursion to an iterative process.
- Use a dynamic programming approach.
- Optimize memory allocation in other parts of the code.
A stack overflow error typically indicates that there's too much recursion, causing the system's stack to exceed its capacity. One effective way to resolve this is by converting the recursive algorithm to an iterative process using loops, which can help manage the stack better and prevent such errors. This retains the logic without heavily depending on the system's stack.
Which keyword is used to catch exceptions in C++?
- handle
- rescue
- catch
- secure
In C++, the catch keyword is used to define a block of statements that will be executed when a particular exception is thrown. This block is used to handle the exception and provide a response, ensuring that the program can continue or terminate gracefully.
In a situation where multiple if conditions are true, the _______ block will be executed in C++.
- first
- last
- second
- all
In C++, when multiple 'if' conditions are true, only the block corresponding to the first true condition will be executed. Subsequent true conditions are ignored.
Which of the following scenarios is the most suitable for using a break statement in a professional codebase?
- When you want to exit the program.
- When you want to initialize variables.
- To exit a loop when a certain condition becomes true.
- To increase the performance of loops.
The break statement is primarily used for exiting a loop or a switch when a specific condition is met. In a professional codebase, it's particularly useful for scenarios where processing should not continue once a certain condition has been satisfied, ensuring efficient and intended behavior.