How does the compiler handle inline function calls?
- By replacing the function call with its body.
- By linking the function at runtime.
- By creating a virtual table for the function.
- By allocating dynamic memory for the function.
Inline functions are meant to optimize function calls by eliminating the overhead of a call and return sequence. When the compiler inlines a function, it replaces the function call with the actual body of the function, integrating it directly into the calling code, which can improve performance.
C++ was initially called _______ during its early development phase.
- C with Classes
- C#
- C*
- C--
C++ was originally called "C with Classes" before it was named C++. The name reflects the language's evolution as an extension of the C programming language.
What is the role of the return statement in a lambda function?
- To indicate the end of the lambda function.
- To return a value from the lambda to the calling function.
- It determines the type of the lambda.
- It can't be used in lambda functions.
Lambda functions, like regular functions, can return values. If the lambda's body contains more than one statement, a return statement can be used to specify which value is returned. If the lambda's body consists of a single return statement, the return type is automatically inferred by the compiler.
Imagine you're refactoring a legacy C++ codebase. It heavily uses friend functions, leading to a maintenance burden and difficult-to-follow code. What strategy might you adopt to improve encapsulation and maintainability without sacrificing performance?
- Use inheritance exclusively.
- Encapsulate the required data and use getter/setter functions.
- Make all data public to avoid using friend functions.
- Refactor to use forward declarations.
While getter and setter methods might introduce a slight overhead, modern compilers can inline these functions to ensure minimal performance impact. By encapsulating data, you enhance the maintainability and structure of the code.
Imagine a scenario where you have to maintain a collection of elements while keeping them sorted after insertions and deletions. Which STL container would be the most efficient choice for this task?
- vector
- list
- set
- queue
The STL set container maintains its elements in sorted order by keys. It automatically reorders itself after insertions and deletions, making it the most efficient choice for maintaining a sorted collection without requiring manual reordering.
Imagine you are developing a Graphic Design Application where different types of shapes are drawn. Which OOP concept will simplify the code?
- Inheritance
- Polymorphism
- Encapsulation
- Abstraction
Abstraction allows for simplifying complex reality while exposing only the necessary parts. By abstracting the concept of a shape, each specific shape (like Circle, Rectangle, Triangle) can implement its drawing method while adhering to a common interface or abstract base class.
Declaring a function as a friend within a class _______ make that function a member of the class.
- does
- doesn't
- might
- could
Declaring a function as a friend within a class gives that function the ability to access the class's private and protected members. However, it doesn't make that function a member of the class. A friend function remains a non-member function, but it's just granted special access privileges.
You're designing a calendar application and need to determine if a year is a leap year. Leap years are divisible by 4 but not divisible by 100 unless they are also divisible by 400. Which arithmetic operators are crucial for this determination?
- + and -
- * and /
- % and ==
- > and <
To determine if a year is a leap year, we need to check if the year is divisible by certain numbers. The modulus operator (%) gives the remainder of a division and can be used to check for divisibility. The equality operator (==) is used to check if the remainder is zero. Hence, the combination of % and == is crucial to check the divisibility conditions required to determine a leap year.
In tail recursion, the recursive call is the _______ action to be performed in the function.
- first
- middle
- penultimate
- last
In tail recursion, the function's recursive call is the last action executed. The significance of tail recursion is that the current function frame can be discarded before the recursive call is made, potentially allowing compilers to optimize the recursion by reusing the current function's stack frame for the next.
You are tasked with implementing a recursive algorithm that, during testing, experiences a stack overflow error. Which approach might be most effective in resolving this issue without significantly altering the algorithm?
- Increase the system's stack size.
- Convert recursion to an iterative process.
- Use a dynamic programming approach.
- Optimize memory allocation in other parts of the code.
A stack overflow error typically indicates that there's too much recursion, causing the system's stack to exceed its capacity. One effective way to resolve this is by converting the recursive algorithm to an iterative process using loops, which can help manage the stack better and prevent such errors. This retains the logic without heavily depending on the system's stack.