While the C++ Standard Template Library (STL) provides containers for dynamic arrays (vector), linked lists (list), and hash maps (unordered_map), there's no direct implementation for a binary tree. Trees are represented using set, map, multiset, and multimap, but they are based on balanced binary search trees (like Red-Black Trees) rather than generic binary trees.

Memory profiling tools, like Valgrind, inspect a program's memory usage in real-time and can identify where memory is being allocated but not released. By pinpointing the exact location of leaks, developers can focus their efforts on specific parts of the code, rather than resorting to broad changes or extensive manual checks.

In this scenario, the modulus operator (%) is essential. When dividing the bonus points by the number of players, the modulus operator gives the remainder, which represents the number of leftover points that can't be evenly distributed among the players. This allows the game to allocate bonus points fairly and determine if there are any undistributed points.

A function with a void return type doesn't return any value. It is often used for functions that perform an action but do not need to send a result back to the caller.

Encapsulation is a core concept in object-oriented programming. Its primary purpose in C++ and other OOP languages is to hide the internal representation, or state, of an object from the outside and to bundle the data (attributes) and the methods (functions) that operate on the data into a single unit, thus hiding complexity.

Constructors in C++ cannot be virtual. When creating an instance of a derived class, it's essential to know the exact type of the object being created, so the correct constructor gets called. Making constructors virtual doesn't make sense in the context of object-oriented design, as it would introduce ambiguity in the object creation process.

The "ios::app" mode in C++ stands for "append". When a file is opened in this mode, data will be appended to the end of the file's content if it already exists. If the file does not exist, a new one is created.

The failbit is a status flag in C++ streams that indicates a file operation failed. When working with file I/O in C++, it's crucial to check this flag (or use functions like fail()) to determine if a particular operation has encountered an error.

C++ typically handles template instantiation on a per-translation unit basis. This means each translation unit will have its own instance of the template. Linkers are smart enough to discard duplicate instances, ensuring that only one instance remains in the final executable.

The auto keyword for automatic type deduction was introduced in C++11. It allows the compiler to automatically deduce the type of a variable based on its initializer, enhancing code readability and maintainability.