How does the logical AND (&&) operator behave when the first operand is false? 

  • It checks the second operand. 
  • It returns false immediately. 
  • It returns true immediately. 
  • It throws an exception.
In C++, the logical AND (&&) operator is "short-circuiting". This means if the first operand is false, it won't even check the second operand because the overall result will definitely be false. This behavior can be used for efficient coding practices.

Which keyword is used to define a function in C++? 

  • class 
  • struct 
  • define 
  • void
In C++, the keyword to define a function isn't necessarily a specific reserved word like "class" or "struct". Instead, functions begin with their return type, such as "void" for functions that don't return any value. But it's worth noting that "void" is just one possible return type, and not strictly a keyword exclusively for function definition.

Imagine you are debugging a C++ application where a certain condition seems to always evaluate to true, even when you expect it not to. What could be a common mistake related to relational operators? 

  • Confusing = with == 
  • Using !== as an inequality operator 
  • Always using > instead of >= 
  • Relying only on the < operator
In C++, the single equals (=) is an assignment operator, meaning it assigns a value to a variable. The double equals (==) is a comparison operator, which checks for equality. A common mistake is to use a single equals sign instead of a double equals sign when trying to compare values, leading to unexpected behavior.

In what year was the C++17 standard released? 

  • 2011 
  • 2014 
  • 2017 
  • 2019
The C++17 standard, commonly referred to as C++17, was released in 2017. It brought several new features and improvements over the previous standards, streamlining the language and enhancing its capabilities for modern software development.

If you want to force floating-point division in C++ when dividing two integers, one of the numbers should be _______. 

  • casted as float 
  • multiplied by zero 
  • negated 
  • subtracted by one
In C++, to force floating-point division when dividing two integers, you can cast one or both of the integers to a floating-point type (like float or double). By doing this, the division will result in a floating-point value, preserving any fractional part. For instance, (float)5 / 2 would result in 2.5 instead of 2.

The memory allocated for a struct is equal to the sum of the memory of its individual members, considering _______. 

  • padding 
  • initialization 
  • inheritance 
  • encapsulation
Memory alignment requirements can cause "padding" between members of a struct, which can increase the total memory size of the struct. This is essential for data to be accessed in an optimized manner on the hardware.

What is the purpose of the throw keyword in exception handling in C++? 

  • to propagate 
  • to hide 
  • to prevent 
  • to execute
In C++ exception handling, the throw keyword is used to signal the occurrence of an exception. When an error condition arises, using the throw keyword can help propagate the exception up the call stack until it's caught by an appropriate catch block.

How does the continue statement affect the execution of a nested loop structure? 

  • It jumps to the next iteration of the innermost loop. 
  • It jumps to the next iteration of the outermost loop. 
  • It stops the entire program execution. 
  • It restarts all loops from the beginning.
The continue statement causes the current iteration of the loop to terminate, and the control jumps to the next iteration of the innermost loop that contains the continue. It won't affect any outer loops in the nested structure unless it's placed in the outer loop itself.

What will happen if the break statement is used outside any loop or switch statement? 

  • The program will crash. 
  • It will skip the next statement. 
  • It results in a compilation error. 
  • It breaks out of the main function.
Using the break statement outside of a loop or switch will result in a compilation error. The break statement is meant to terminate the nearest enclosing loop or switch where it appears. If it's placed elsewhere, it won't make logical sense to the compiler.

The _______ keyword is used to specify a class should not be instantiated directly, but only used as a base class. 

  • virtual 
  • abstract 
  • sealed 
  • interface
In C++, an "abstract" class is one that cannot be instantiated directly. It is intended to be used as a base class from which other classes are derived, and it may have one or more pure virtual functions.