Overloading refers to defining multiple functions with the same name but different signatures (usually different number or type of parameters). Overriding, on the other hand, is related to inheritance and polymorphism where a derived class provides a specific implementation for a method that is already provided by its base class. In overriding, the method in the derived class should have the same name, return type, and parameters as the method in the base class. The key difference is thus related to polymorphism and inheritance for overriding versus method signature differences for overloading.

For a recursive function to successfully terminate, it must have a base case. A base case is a condition under which the function stops calling itself and starts returning values. Without a base case, a recursive function would call itself indefinitely, leading to an infinite loop and, in most cases, a stack overflow error.

The C++ STL provides a plethora of algorithms for various operations, but "magic_square" is not among them. binary_search, find, and sort are standard algorithms provided in the STL.

Using goto statements can lead to spaghetti code that's hard to maintain and debug. It's considered a best practice to avoid using goto in C++. Replacing goto with structured loops or conditionals can often make the code clearer and more maintainable. While encapsulation is a good practice in general, it doesn't address the fundamental problems associated with goto. Comments can help but don't solve the root issue.

The STL vector is a dynamic array that provides O(1) access time for its elements. It's efficient when resizing (amortized constant time for insertions/deletions at the end), making it suitable for scenarios requiring a balance between dynamic size management and performance.

While "float" may use less memory, "double" provides higher precision. The performance impact depends on the architecture and context. Some architectures are optimized for double precision, making operations as fast, if not faster, than float operations.

A member function in C++ is associated with an object of the class and has access to the object's data members. Unlike regular functions, member functions can be called using the object of the class and can manipulate the class's attributes directly. Regular functions don't have this implicit access.

Function overloading allows multiple functions in the same scope to have the same name as long as they have different parameter lists. In C++, the appropriate overloaded function is chosen at compile-time based on the function call's arguments.

The keyword virtual is used in C++ to make a function virtual. When a function is declared as virtual, it can be overridden in any derived class. This allows for dynamic polymorphism, where the decision on which method version to execute is made at runtime based on the object's actual type.

The if-else control structure in C++ provides a way to perform decision-making operations. If the condition inside the 'if' block evaluates to true, the 'if' block of code is executed; otherwise, the 'else' block is executed, if present. It can be used to check multiple conditions in sequence by nesting or using "else if".