The _______ keyword is used to include standard libraries in a C++ program.
- import
- include
- namespace
- return
In C++, the "include" keyword is used to include header files, which contain the declarations for the standard libraries. It's vital for utilizing predefined functions and classes, thus facilitating easier and more efficient coding.
Which keyword is often advised against using due to its potential to make code less readable and maintainable?
- class
- public
- goto
- private
The goto keyword allows for arbitrary jumps in code, which can make the code's flow hard to follow, leading to decreased readability and maintainability. Although it's available in C++, its use is generally discouraged in modern programming practices.
What is the behavior of a continue statement inside a while loop?
- It skips to the next iteration of the loop immediately.
- It breaks out of the loop.
- It restarts the loop from the very beginning.
- It throws an exception.
The continue statement inside loops, including a while loop, causes the program to skip any code following it in the current iteration and jump to the next iteration. It doesn't break out of the loop but just moves to the evaluation of the loop's condition for the next iteration.
You are developing a high-frequency trading system where performance is critical. Which data type should be chosen to store price data to ensure both performance and precision?
- int
- double
- char
- long double
In high-frequency trading, price data often requires floating-point precision due to fractional values. The double datatype strikes a balance between precision and performance. While long double offers more precision, it can be slower and is overkill for most financial data.
You are working on a large-scale application with multiple developers. One of your responsibilities is to design a library of functions to perform common tasks. What considerations might guide your decisions on when to use inline functions and default arguments?
- Only use default arguments to ensure backward compatibility.
- Use inline functions for all small computations irrespective of frequency.
- Use inline functions selectively based on performance metrics.
- Apply default arguments to simplify function calls.
When designing a library for a large-scale application, inline functions should be used selectively, especially when performance metrics indicate a clear benefit. Meanwhile, default arguments can simplify function calls but should be used judiciously to maintain clarity.
The syntax to declare a pure virtual function is to follow the function declaration with _______.
- '= 0'
- 'virtual'
- 'override'
- '= 1'
In C++, a pure virtual function is declared by assigning 0 in its declaration. The syntax is virtual function_name() = 0;. It indicates that the function doesn't have a body in this class and must be implemented in any non-abstract derived class.
What happens to the control flow of a program when the break statement is encountered inside a while loop?
- The program exits
- The while loop terminates and control moves to the next statement after the loop
- The loop skips to the next iteration
- The loop starts from the beginning
When a break statement is encountered inside a while loop, the loop terminates immediately and the control moves to the next statement following the loop, regardless of the loop's condition.
You are developing a game where numerous conditions dictate the character's state (e.g., running, jumping, idle, etc.). To manage these states efficiently, which approach might be preferable?
- Use multiple if-else statements
- Use a state pattern
- Use global variables
- Implement recursion
The State Pattern allows an object to change its behavior when its internal state changes. This would be ideal for game character states as it encapsulates state-specific behaviors and transitions, making the code more organized, scalable, and easy to extend with new states.
Which function is used to open a file in C++?
- openFile()
- create()
- open()
- initiateFile()
The open() function is used in C++ to open a file. It is a member function of the file stream classes (like fstream, ifstream, ofstream). By providing the filename and mode, a user can access or modify the contents of a file.
In a large-scale project involving network communication, what considerations might influence the design and use of custom exception classes to handle errors like network failures and message format issues?
- Granularity of error information.
- Easy debugging and logging.
- Ensuring exceptions don't introduce additional overhead in communication.
- Making network retries for every exception.
In large-scale networked applications, exceptions must be both descriptive and efficient. Custom exception classes can provide fine-grained information about the type of error, which can aid in debugging and remediation. However, the design should ensure that these exceptions don't add significant overhead to the system. It's a balance between providing enough information for diagnosis and ensuring efficient runtime behavior.