Normalization is the process of organizing a database structure to minimize redundancy and dependency. By eliminating redundant data and storing related data in separate tables, normalization reduces storage space requirements and ensures data integrity, thus improving database efficiency.

The Transport layer ensures end-to-end communication reliability by segmenting data into smaller packets and reassembling them at the destination.

Partial dependency is a concept in database normalization where an attribute is functionally dependent on only a part of a composite primary key. In other words, it occurs when a non-key attribute depends on a subset of the primary key rather than the entire primary key. This can lead to data redundancy and anomalies in the database. By identifying and eliminating partial dependencies through normalization techniques like second normal form (2NF) and third normal form (3NF), databases can be structured more efficiently, reducing redundancy and ensuring data integrity.

The X-XSS-Protection header is used to mitigate Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) attacks in web applications. XSS attacks involve injecting malicious scripts into web pages, which can then execute in users' browsers, leading to data theft, session hijacking, and other security compromises. The X-XSS-Protection header instructs browsers to activate their built-in XSS protection mechanisms, such as filtering or blocking potentially dangerous scripts, thereby reducing the risk of successful XSS attacks. Implementing this header is an important security measure to safeguard against XSS vulnerabilities and protect users' sensitive information.

The correct option is Presentation. The Presentation layer of the OSI Model deals with the presentation and encryption of data. It is responsible for data translation, encryption, and decryption to ensure that data sent from one system can be properly understood by another system. This layer also handles data compression and decompression. The Data Link layer manages error detection and correction, the Application layer deals with user applications, and the Transport layer ensures end-to-end communication.

The purpose of a sprint retrospective in Agile is to identify areas for improvement within the team's processes, communication, and collaboration. It allows team members to reflect on what went well, what could be improved, and how to implement those improvements in the next sprint. This continuous feedback loop fosters a culture of learning and adaptation in Agile projects.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) is a type of security vulnerability where attackers inject malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users. These scripts can execute unauthorized actions on the user's behalf, such as stealing session cookies or performing actions on the user's behalf without their consent. This type of attack targets client-side scripts in web applications, making it crucial for developers to validate and sanitize input to prevent XSS attacks.

The correct option is "Atomic." In the context of ACID properties, atomicity ensures that database transactions are either fully completed or not executed at all. This means that if a transaction fails or encounters an error, it will be rolled back to its initial state, maintaining data consistency. Atomicity is crucial for reliability and data integrity in database management systems.

Encapsulation is the process of bundling data (attributes) and functions (methods) that operate on the data into a single unit called a class. It helps in hiding the internal state of an object and only exposing the necessary functionality to the outside world. This enhances security, modularity, and reusability in object-oriented programming.

A VLAN Router (also called a Layer 3 switch or router) is used to facilitate communication between different VLANs. It operates at Layer 3 of the OSI model, routing traffic between VLANs based on IP addresses. This enables segregation of network traffic for security or organizational purposes while allowing controlled communication between VLANs as needed.