What are the advantages and disadvantages of using a log-structured file system?

  • Faster write operations and improved recovery after crashes
  • Higher storage overhead and longer read times
  • Limited support for legacy file systems
  • Lower risk of data corruption due to transaction logging
Log-structured file systems provide faster write operations and improved crash recovery through sequential writes and transaction logging. However, they may have higher storage overhead and longer read times due to data fragmentation. Their advantages include better data integrity and reduced risk of data loss, but they may lack compatibility with legacy systems.

Which SDLC model is known for its linear and sequential approach to software development?

  • Waterfall
  • Agile
  • Spiral
  • RAD (Rapid Application Development)
The correct option is Waterfall. The Waterfall model follows a sequential approach, progressing through phases like Requirements, Design, etc.

In a web server application, you need to handle concurrent requests efficiently using threads. Describe how you would design the thread management system to achieve high performance and scalability.

  • Apply mutex locks to ensure thread-safe access to shared resources
  • Implement asynchronous I/O operations to avoid thread blocking
  • Use a thread pool to reuse threads for handling multiple requests
  • Utilize load balancing techniques across multiple servers
Designing a thread management system for a web server application involves strategies for high performance and scalability. Using a thread pool allows for the reuse of threads, reducing the overhead of thread creation and destruction for each request and improving overall performance. Implementing asynchronous I/O operations helps in avoiding thread blocking, enabling the server to handle more concurrent requests efficiently. Load balancing across multiple servers distributes incoming requests evenly, enhancing scalability by utilizing resources effectively. Mutex locks are essential for ensuring thread-safe access to shared resources but may not directly contribute to performance and scalability in the context of handling concurrent requests in a web server application.

How does server-side rendering improve performance in web applications, particularly in frameworks like Next.js for Node.js?

  • Enhances initial page load speed
  • Generates HTML on the server
  • Improves SEO by serving pre-rendered content
  • Reduces client-side processing
Server-side rendering (SSR) involves generating HTML content on the server before sending it to the client. This approach reduces client-side processing requirements, leading to faster initial page load speeds and improved SEO performance. Frameworks like Next.js for Node.js facilitate SSR, allowing developers to create fast and SEO-friendly web applications by serving pre-rendered content to users.

Normalization helps in reducing _________ and improving database efficiency.

  • Complexity
  • Duplication
  • Inconsistency
  • Redundancy
Normalization is the process of organizing a database structure to minimize redundancy and dependency. By eliminating redundant data and storing related data in separate tables, normalization reduces storage space requirements and ensures data integrity, thus improving database efficiency.

The ________ layer of the OSI Model is responsible for segmenting data and ensuring its reliable delivery.

  • Application
  • Data Link
  • Network
  • Transport
The Transport layer ensures end-to-end communication reliability by segmenting data into smaller packets and reassembling them at the destination.

Explain the concept of partial dependency and its relevance in normalization.

  • Partial dependency is a situation where a non-key attribute depends on a subset of the primary key.
  • Partial dependency is when a non-key attribute depends on the entire primary key.
  • Partial dependency occurs when an attribute depends on only a part of the primary key.
  • Partial dependency refers to a scenario where an attribute depends on another attribute that is not part of the primary key.
Partial dependency is a concept in database normalization where an attribute is functionally dependent on only a part of a composite primary key. In other words, it occurs when a non-key attribute depends on a subset of the primary key rather than the entire primary key. This can lead to data redundancy and anomalies in the database. By identifying and eliminating partial dependencies through normalization techniques like second normal form (2NF) and third normal form (3NF), databases can be structured more efficiently, reducing redundancy and ensuring data integrity.

How can you ensure data integrity in a relational database using SQL constraints?

  • Use CHECK constraints to validate data
  • Use FOREIGN KEY constraints to maintain referential integrity
  • Use PRIMARY KEY constraints to enforce uniqueness
  • Use UNIQUE constraints to enforce uniqueness
Data integrity in a relational database can be ensured using SQL constraints such as PRIMARY KEY (to enforce uniqueness), FOREIGN KEY (to maintain referential integrity), CHECK (to validate data), and UNIQUE (to enforce uniqueness).

In virtualization, ___________ enables multiple operating systems to run concurrently on a single physical machine.

  • Hypervisor
  • Container
  • Microservices
  • Docker
The correct option is "Hypervisor." A hypervisor, also known as a virtual machine monitor (VMM), allows multiple virtual machines (VMs) to run on a single physical machine by abstracting and managing the underlying hardware resources. It provides isolation, resource allocation, and control over the VMs, enabling different operating systems to coexist on the same hardware.

Imagine you're implementing a guest Wi-Fi network for a hotel. How would you ensure security for both guests and the hotel's internal network while providing convenient access?

  • Implement guest isolation, use captive portals with authentication, employ MAC address filtering, configure firewall rules
  • Implement port security, use guest network throttling, employ VPN tunnels, configure SSL inspection
  • Use WEP encryption, implement guest subnetting, employ packet sniffing prevention, configure IPsec tunnels
  • Use WPA3 encryption, implement guest VLANs, employ intrusion detection systems (IDS), use biometric authentication
When implementing a guest Wi-Fi network for a hotel, ensuring security for both guests and the hotel's internal network involves implementing guest isolation to prevent guests from accessing internal resources. Captive portals with authentication ensure only authorized users gain access. MAC address filtering adds an additional layer of security by allowing only specific devices to connect. Configuring firewall rules restricts unauthorized access and protects sensitive data. These measures collectively enhance security while providing convenient guest access.