The "C" in ACID stands for Atomicity. This property ensures that either all operations within a transaction are completed successfully or none are applied at all. It helps in maintaining data integrity and ensuring that transactions are either fully executed or not executed at all.

Binary search requires the elements to be in sorted order because it uses the principle of divide and conquer, comparing the middle element and eliminating half of the search space in each step.

In graph theory, a spanning tree is vital for network design as it forms the backbone of connectivity without creating loops or redundancies. By spanning all nodes with the least number of edges possible, spanning trees optimize network resources and ensure efficient communication paths.

The process of removing a node from a linked list without traversing from the beginning is called "unlinking" or "extracting" the node. This involves updating the pointers of the surrounding nodes to skip the removed node.

The correct option is the Chain of Responsibility Pattern. This pattern creates a chain of objects, each capable of processing a request or passing it to the next object in the chain.

In merge sort, the merge operation combines two sorted arrays into a single sorted array. This is a crucial step in the merge sort algorithm, where the sorted subarrays from the divide step are merged back together to create a larger sorted array. The merging process compares elements from both arrays and arranges them in ascending or descending order, depending on the sorting order specified.

Using the accept attribute in the tag allows specifying the allowed file types (MIME types) that users can upload. This provides client-side validation to ensure that only files of specified types are accepted. The File API, on the other hand, allows accessing file metadata, including size. Using typeof is not suitable for file type validation. The FileReader API is used to read file content, not metadata.

The correct option is ".dockerfile." Docker uses Dockerfiles, which are plain text configuration files with a specific syntax, to define the steps needed to create a container image. These files specify the base image, environment variables, dependencies, and commands to run when the container starts. Dockerfiles are essential for building reproducible and version-controlled containerized applications, making it easier to manage and scale container deployments.

Merge sort is preferable over quicksort when dealing with large input sizes due to its guaranteed O(n log n) time complexity, which is advantageous over quicksort's worst-case O(n^2) time complexity.

A singly linked list is best suited for implementing a stack because it only requires a pointer to the top element, allowing for efficient insertion and removal operations at the top of the stack.