In graph theory, a spanning tree is vital for network design as it forms the backbone of connectivity without creating loops or redundancies. By spanning all nodes with the least number of edges possible, spanning trees optimize network resources and ensure efficient communication paths.

The process of removing a node from a linked list without traversing from the beginning is called "unlinking" or "extracting" the node. This involves updating the pointers of the surrounding nodes to skip the removed node.

The correct option is the Chain of Responsibility Pattern. This pattern creates a chain of objects, each capable of processing a request or passing it to the next object in the chain.

Batching is a technique used in RESTful APIs where multiple requests are combined into a single request to improve efficiency and reduce overhead. This is particularly useful when a client needs to make several related requests to the server, as it reduces the number of round-trips required between the client and the server, thereby improving performance.

A mutex is a synchronization primitive that allows only one thread to access a resource at a time, preventing data races and ensuring thread safety.

A singly linked list is best suited for implementing a stack because it only requires a pointer to the top element, allowing for efficient insertion and removal operations at the top of the stack.

Query optimization is the process of rearranging the execution plan of a query to enhance its performance. This optimization can involve various techniques such as selecting appropriate indexes, restructuring the query, or using hints to guide the database optimizer in choosing the most efficient execution path. By optimizing queries, database administrators and developers aim to reduce query execution time and resource consumption.

NAT operates at the network layer of the TCP/IP model. It allows a network to use private IP addresses internally while communicating with the internet using a single public IP address. NAT modifies the source IP address in outgoing packets to the public IP address and maintains a translation table to route incoming responses back to the correct internal device.

Leveraging frameworks like Next.js or Angular Universal for SSR ensures that search engines receive fully rendered pages, enhancing SEO. Custom SSR logic can be complex, and static site generation may not be as dynamic for SEO purposes.

The Banker's algorithm is used in operating systems to manage resources such as CPU cycles, memory, and input/output devices. It simulates the allocation of resources to processes and ensures a safe state to avoid deadlock.