A ___________ is a synchronization primitive that provides exclusive access to the shared resource.
- Lock
- Monitor
- Mutex
- Semaphore
A mutex is a synchronization primitive that allows only one thread to access a resource at a time, preventing data races and ensuring thread safety.
In a real-time application, you need to frequently update data in a linked list while maintaining its integrity. How would you ensure data consistency and efficiency in these updates?
- Use locking mechanisms such as mutexes or semaphores to implement thread-safe operations on the linked list.
- Implement a copy-on-write strategy where modifications create a new copy of the list, ensuring the original remains intact.
- Utilize atomic operations and compare-and-swap (CAS) instructions for lock-free updates to the linked list.
- Implement a versioning system where each update creates a new version of the list, allowing for rollback if needed while maintaining consistency.
Option 3 suggests using atomic operations and compare-and-swap (CAS) instructions for lock-free updates to the linked list. This approach ensures data consistency in a real-time environment without introducing overhead from locking mechanisms or copy-on-write strategies. Atomic operations guarantee that updates are performed atomically, preventing race conditions and maintaining efficiency in frequent data updates.
You're designing a web application that requires secure communication over the Internet. Explain how you would implement SSL/TLS (Secure Socket Layer/Transport Layer Security) protocols within the TCP/IP model to achieve this.
- Configure SSL termination at the web server for decryption.
- Implement HTTPS (HTTP Secure) for secure web communication.
- Use SSL/TLS certificates to encrypt data transmitted over HTTP.
- Utilize SSL/TLS handshake protocols for secure connections.
SSL/TLS protocols are implemented at the Transport layer (Layer 4) in the TCP/IP model. The SSL/TLS handshake establishes a secure connection, ensuring encryption and data integrity. Using SSL/TLS certificates and handshakes is fundamental for secure web communication. HTTPS is HTTP over SSL/TLS, providing security for web applications. SSL termination decrypts traffic at the server. While important, it's a specific implementation detail and not the core mechanism for SSL/TLS security.
In a paged memory management system, each page is mapped to a corresponding ___________ in physical memory.
- Cache
- Disk
- Frame
- Register
In a paged memory management system, each page from the virtual memory is mapped to a corresponding frame in physical memory. This mapping allows the operating system to manage memory efficiently by moving pages between main memory (RAM) and secondary storage (usually disk). Frames represent fixed-size blocks of physical memory that can hold a single page.
Explain the role of the "C" in ACID properties and its significance in database transactions.
- Atomicity
- Data Consistency
- Durability
- Isolation
The "C" in ACID stands for Atomicity. This property ensures that either all operations within a transaction are completed successfully or none are applied at all. It helps in maintaining data integrity and ensuring that transactions are either fully executed or not executed at all.
Query _______ involves rearranging the execution plan of a query to improve its performance.
- Analysis
- Compilation
- Debugging
- Optimization
Query optimization is the process of rearranging the execution plan of a query to enhance its performance. This optimization can involve various techniques such as selecting appropriate indexes, restructuring the query, or using hints to guide the database optimizer in choosing the most efficient execution path. By optimizing queries, database administrators and developers aim to reduce query execution time and resource consumption.
How does NAT (Network Address Translation) work in the context of the TCP/IP model?
- Encrypts data packets for secure transmission
- Provides Quality of Service (QoS) for network traffic
- Routes packets between different networks
- Translates private IP addresses to public IP addresses for internet communication
NAT operates at the network layer of the TCP/IP model. It allows a network to use private IP addresses internally while communicating with the internet using a single public IP address. NAT modifies the source IP address in outgoing packets to the public IP address and maintains a translation table to route incoming responses back to the correct internal device.
You're working on a project where SEO is critical. How would you implement server-side rendering (SSR) with React or Angular to ensure better search engine visibility?
- Implement custom server-side rendering logic for both React and Angular
- Use client-side rendering and optimize meta tags for SEO
- Use frameworks like Next.js or Gatsby for React SSR, and Angular Universal for Angular SSR
- Utilize static site generation with React and Angular
Leveraging frameworks like Next.js or Angular Universal for SSR ensures that search engines receive fully rendered pages, enhancing SEO. Custom SSR logic can be complex, and static site generation may not be as dynamic for SEO purposes.
The Banker's algorithm operates by simulating the allocation of _______ to processes and checks if granting the requests leads to a safe state.
- CPU
- Memory
- Resources
- Threads
The Banker's algorithm is used in operating systems to manage resources such as CPU cycles, memory, and input/output devices. It simulates the allocation of resources to processes and ensures a safe state to avoid deadlock.
In merge sort, the merge operation combines two ___________ arrays into a single sorted array.
- Equal-sized
- Sorted
- Subarray
- Unsorted
In merge sort, the merge operation combines two sorted arrays into a single sorted array. This is a crucial step in the merge sort algorithm, where the sorted subarrays from the divide step are merged back together to create a larger sorted array. The merging process compares elements from both arrays and arranges them in ascending or descending order, depending on the sorting order specified.