Explain the trade-offs involved in maintaining ACID properties in distributed databases compared to centralized databases.
- Consistency vs. Availability
- Increased Latency
- Network Partitioning
- Scalability Challenges
Maintaining ACID properties in distributed databases involves trade-offs compared to centralized databases. One major trade-off is the balance between consistency and availability. In distributed systems, ensuring strong consistency across all nodes can lead to increased latency and potential scalability challenges due to the need for synchronous communication and coordination. On the other hand, prioritizing availability may sacrifice consistency, leading to eventual consistency models where data may be temporarily inconsistent across nodes. Additionally, network partitioning issues can arise in distributed databases, affecting the system's ability to maintain ACID properties uniformly. These trade-offs require careful consideration and architectural decisions based on the specific requirements of the application and the desired level of data consistency and availability.
ARP stands for Address Resolution ________.
- Protocol
- Program
- Point
- Procedure
ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. ARP is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address (MAC address) of a network host. It translates an IP address into a MAC address and is essential for communication between devices on the same network. A protocol is a set of rules governing data transmission, making "Protocol" the correct option here.
The "I" in ACID properties ensures that database transactions maintain ___________.
- Atomicity
- Consistency
- Durability
- Isolation
The "I" in ACID stands for Isolation. This property ensures that each transaction is isolated from other transactions until it is completed, preventing interference and ensuring data integrity during concurrent transactions.
What is the difference between == and === in JavaScript?
- Checks for object equality based on memory references
- Checks for object equality based on property values
- Checks for value and type equality
- Checks for value equality without considering type differences
The == operator in JavaScript checks for value equality without considering the data type, whereas the === operator checks for both value and type equality. This distinction is crucial in ensuring accurate comparisons in JavaScript.
Explain the concept of MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) in the context of wireless communication.
- Enhances coverage by utilizing spatial diversity
- Increases data throughput and improves signal reliability
- Reduces latency by minimizing interference
- Utilizes multiple antennas for transmitting and receiving data simultaneously
MIMO involves using multiple antennas for both transmitting and receiving data, improving performance by increasing throughput, reliability, reducing latency, and enhancing coverage.
Which routing protocol is commonly used within an Autonomous System (AS)?
- BGP
- EIGRP
- OSPF
- RIP
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is commonly used within an Autonomous System (AS) due to its advanced features such as fast convergence, scalability, and support for variable-length subnet masking (VLSM).
In RESTful APIs, ___________ is used to represent the state of a resource.
- JSON
- XML
- HTML
- URI
The correct option is URI. In RESTful APIs, Uniform Resource Identifiers (URIs) are used to uniquely identify and represent resources. URIs play a crucial role in REST architecture by providing a way to interact with resources via HTTP methods such as GET, POST, PUT, and DELETE.
How does a breadth-first search (BFS) differ from a depth-first search (DFS) in terms of traversal order in graphs?
- BFS explores nodes level by level
- BFS uses a queue
- DFS explores nodes depth-wise
- DFS uses a stack
Breadth-first search (BFS) explores nodes level by level starting from the root node, using a queue to keep track of nodes to be visited. On the other hand, depth-first search (DFS) explores nodes depth-wise, going as far as possible along a branch before backtracking, typically using a stack to keep track of nodes. This fundamental difference in traversal order distinguishes BFS from DFS in graph traversal.
In a relational database, a _________ ensures that each row in a table is uniquely identifiable.
- Foreign Key
- Index
- Primary Key
- Unique Constraint
A primary key is a column or group of columns that uniquely identifies each row in a table. It must contain unique values and cannot have NULL values. This uniqueness ensures that each row can be uniquely identified and retrieved from the table.
A ___________ switch is capable of processing Layer 3 (IP) packets in addition to Layer 2 (MAC) frames.
- Intelligent Switch
- Layer 2 Switch
- Layer 3 Switch
- Managed Switch
Layer 3 switches, also known as multilayer switches, combine the functionality of traditional Layer 2 switches with routing capabilities found in routers. They can make forwarding decisions based on IP addresses (Layer 3) in addition to MAC addresses (Layer 2), providing faster packet processing and improved network performance, especially in VLANs and subnets.