The process of breaking down large tables into smaller, more manageable tables is known as ___________.
- Denormalization
- Normalization
- Partitioning
- Sharding
Normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to reduce redundancy and improve data integrity. It involves breaking down large tables into smaller, more manageable tables and defining relationships between them. Denormalization, on the other hand, involves combining tables to improve query performance but may lead to data redundancy. Partitioning and sharding are techniques used for distributing large databases across multiple servers. While both normalization and denormalization involve restructuring tables, normalization is specifically focused on reducing redundancy and improving data integrity, making it the correct choice.
_________ databases are optimized for handling graph-like data structures.
- Document
- Graph
- Key-value
- Relational
Graph databases, such as Neo4j or Amazon Neptune, are specifically designed to handle complex relationships and interconnected data in a graph-like format. They use nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data.
How can you revert a commit in Git without losing the changes?
- git checkout
- git reset --hard
- git reset --soft
- git revert
To revert a commit in Git without losing the changes, you can use the git revert command. Unlike git reset, which can remove commits and potentially lose changes, git revert creates a new commit that undoes the changes introduced by a specific commit. This maintains a clean history and preserves the changes made in subsequent commits. The git revert command is especially useful when working in a collaborative environment where rewriting history can cause conflicts for other team members. It allows for a safer way to undo changes while keeping the project history intact.
How does the Decorator design pattern differ from inheritance?
- Decorator pattern allows adding functionality dynamically
- Decorator pattern promotes code reusability and flexibility
- Inheritance creates a static hierarchy of classes
- Inheritance is a compile-time relationship between classes
The Decorator design pattern allows behavior to be added to individual objects dynamically, while inheritance creates a static hierarchy of classes where subclasses inherit behavior from their parent class. The Decorator pattern promotes code reusability and flexibility.
Which mechanism is used to switch between processes in multitasking operating systems?
- Context switch
- Inter-process communication
- Interrupt handling
- Resource allocation
In multitasking operating systems, the mechanism used to switch between processes is known as a context switch. A context switch involves saving the state of a currently running process, including its registers, program counter, and other relevant information, and then loading the state of the next process to be executed. This allows the operating system to efficiently allocate CPU time among multiple processes, enabling concurrent execution and multitasking capabilities. Understanding context switching is crucial for system performance optimization and multitasking efficiency.
The ___________ property ensures that subproblems are independent and can be solved separately in dynamic programming.
- Divide and Conquer
- Greedy
- Optimal Substructure
- Overlapping
The "Optimal Substructure" property in dynamic programming states that the optimal solution to a problem can be constructed from optimal solutions to its subproblems. This property enables subproblems to be solved independently and then combined to solve the overall problem efficiently.
Explain the differences between authentication and authorization in network security.
- Data encryption
- Granting access
- Network monitoring
- Verification of identity
Authentication involves verifying the identity of users or devices, ensuring they are who they claim to be. Authorization, on the other hand, deals with granting or denying access to resources based on the authenticated identity and specified permissions. While authentication establishes trust, authorization controls the level of access granted.
What is the main principle behind dynamic programming?
- Divide and conquer
- Memoization
- Optimal substructure
- Overlapping subproblems
Dynamic programming is based on the principle of breaking down complex problems into smaller, manageable subproblems and solving each subproblem just once, storing the results for future reference. Memoization is a technique used in dynamic programming to store previously computed results to avoid redundant computations, making it an essential aspect of this approach.
Explain the trade-offs involved in maintaining ACID properties in distributed databases compared to centralized databases.
- Consistency vs. Availability
- Increased Latency
- Network Partitioning
- Scalability Challenges
Maintaining ACID properties in distributed databases involves trade-offs compared to centralized databases. One major trade-off is the balance between consistency and availability. In distributed systems, ensuring strong consistency across all nodes can lead to increased latency and potential scalability challenges due to the need for synchronous communication and coordination. On the other hand, prioritizing availability may sacrifice consistency, leading to eventual consistency models where data may be temporarily inconsistent across nodes. Additionally, network partitioning issues can arise in distributed databases, affecting the system's ability to maintain ACID properties uniformly. These trade-offs require careful consideration and architectural decisions based on the specific requirements of the application and the desired level of data consistency and availability.
Containerization promotes ___________ by encapsulating applications and their dependencies into portable units.
- Efficiency
- Scalability
- Portability
- Security
The correct option is "Portability." Containerization encapsulates applications along with their dependencies, libraries, and configurations into portable units called containers. This portability allows containers to run consistently across different environments, making application deployment and migration easier. It also enhances collaboration and agility in software development and deployment processes.