In a large-scale e-commerce platform, how would you design indexes to optimize search queries on product attributes like name, category, and price?
- Create composite indexes
- Implement indexing based on query frequency
- Index name, category, and price separately
- Use full-text search indexes
Creating separate indexes for name, category, and price allows the database to efficiently retrieve data based on these attributes. Composite indexes combine multiple columns into a single index, which can be beneficial for queries that involve multiple attributes. Full-text search indexes are suitable for searching through large text fields like product descriptions. Implementing indexing based on query frequency involves prioritizing indexes for attributes that are frequently used in search queries, thus optimizing search performance.
Query _______ involves rewriting SQL queries to achieve better performance.
- Optimization
- Normalization
- Redundancy
- Migration
Query Optimization is the process of modifying SQL queries to enhance performance, such as reducing execution time or utilizing indexes effectively. Thus, option 1, "Optimization," is the appropriate answer.
Which technology is commonly used for server-side scripting in JavaScript?
- Angular
- Node.js
- React
- Vue.js
Node.js is a common technology used for server-side scripting in JavaScript due to its event-driven architecture and ability to handle I/O operations efficiently.
What is the default port number for FTP in active mode?
- 20
- 21
- 22
- 23
The default port number for FTP (File Transfer Protocol) in active mode is 21. FTP is a standard network protocol used for transferring files between a client and a server on a computer network. In active mode, the FTP server listens on port 21 for incoming connections from clients. Once a connection is established, data transfers (such as uploading or downloading files) occur over a separate port, typically port 20 for active mode. Understanding port numbers is crucial for configuring network services and ensuring proper communication between client and server systems.
In a distributed system where data consistency is crucial, how would you ensure data integrity while using a NoSQL database?
- Design a data versioning system with rollback capabilities
- Implement eventual consistency with techniques like vector clocks or CRDTs
- Use strong consistency models like linearizability or serializability
- Utilize distributed transactions with two-phase commit protocols
Using strong consistency models like linearizability or serializability ensures data integrity in a distributed system by guaranteeing that all nodes see the same data at the same time. Implementing eventual consistency with techniques like vector clocks or CRDTs may lead to eventual convergence but does not guarantee immediate consistency. Distributed transactions with two-phase commit protocols can lead to performance issues and increased complexity. Designing a data versioning system with rollback capabilities helps in data recovery but does not directly address data integrity in real-time.
Your system is experiencing high context-switching overhead. How would you optimize the scheduling algorithm to reduce this overhead while maintaining fairness among processes?
- Increase the time slice for each process in Round-Robin scheduling
- Implement a Priority-Based scheduling algorithm
- Utilize a Shortest Job Next (SJN) scheduling algorithm
- Reduce the number of priority levels in Priority-Based scheduling
Option 3: Utilizing a Shortest Job Next (SJN) scheduling algorithm can help optimize the scheduling algorithm to reduce context-switching overhead. SJN prioritizes shorter jobs, leading to fewer context switches as shorter jobs are completed more quickly. This approach maintains fairness among processes by executing shorter jobs first while reducing the overall context-switching overhead, improving system efficiency.
What is the purpose of server-side scripting in web development?
- Displaying
- Enhancing
- Handling Requests
- Processing
Server-side scripting in web development is primarily used for processing data, managing databases, and performing server-side operations, not just displaying content on the client side.
What is the function of an inode in a Unix-like file system?
- Executing programs
- Handling input/output operations
- Managing user permissions
- Storing metadata about files and directories
An inode in a Unix-like file system serves the crucial function of storing metadata about files and directories. This metadata includes information such as file ownership, permissions, timestamps (creation, modification, access), file size, and the physical location of data blocks on the storage device. Inodes also store pointers to data blocks, enabling efficient file access and retrieval. Additionally, they play a role in file system consistency and recovery processes.
Imagine you're working on a healthcare system where patient records are critical. How would you implement data storage and retrieval mechanisms to ensure atomicity and durability while adhering to ACID properties?
- Employ multi-version concurrency control
- Implement two-phase commit protocol
- Use write-ahead logging
- Utilize distributed transactions
Implementing data storage mechanisms
What is thrashing, and how can it be prevented in memory management systems?
- Balancing memory allocation through dynamic partitioning
- Efficient utilization of cache memory
- Excessive swapping of pages leading to performance degradation
- Implementing proper page replacement algorithms
Thrashing occurs when the system spends more time swapping pages than executing processes, causing a slowdown. Preventative measures include optimizing memory usage and using efficient page replacement strategies.