The correct option is "INSERT INTO." The INSERT INTO statement in SQL is used to add a new record or row to an existing table. It allows you to specify the columns and their corresponding values for the new record.

Unvalidated input is a security vulnerability where an application does not properly validate or sanitize user input before processing it. This can lead to various attacks such as SQL injection, cross-site scripting (XSS), and command injection. Proper input validation and sanitization are essential to prevent such vulnerabilities and protect the application from malicious exploitation.

In JavaScript, variables can be declared using the var, let, or const keywords. Option 2 shows the correct syntax using the let keyword, which is commonly used for variable declaration in modern JavaScript.

Using query parameters in the URL allows for flexible and straightforward searching by directly specifying criteria. It also aligns with RESTful principles by leveraging HTTP's built-in mechanisms for passing parameters, making the API intuitive and easy to use.

Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and its successor Transport Layer Security (TLS) are protocols that establish encrypted connections between a web server and a client, ensuring data confidentiality and integrity during transmission. TLS has largely replaced SSL due to its improved security features and support for newer cryptographic algorithms.

Covering indexes include all columns referenced in a query, reducing the need for database lookups and thus improving query performance. This is because the required data can be retrieved directly from the index without accessing the actual table, saving time and resources.

Option 2 focuses on bandwidth requirements and traffic patterns, which are crucial factors to consider in designing the network layout for efficient routing and switching in a new office building. Understanding the number of devices and users (Option 1) is important but may not directly address bandwidth needs. The physical layout (Option 3) and security measures (Option 4) are significant but are secondary considerations compared to bandwidth requirements for routing and switching efficiency.

MIME types in HTTP communication refer to identifiers that define the nature and format of a resource being transmitted. This includes information about the content type, such as text/html for HTML documents, image/jpeg for JPEG images, and application/json for JSON data. This information is crucial for web browsers and other clients to interpret and handle the received content correctly.

A router is a network device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers operate at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model and use routing tables to determine the best path for forwarding packets. Hubs and switches operate at lower layers and have different functionalities within a network, such as connecting devices in the case of hubs or creating separate collision domains in the case of switches. A modem, while essential for connecting to the internet, does not perform the same packet-forwarding function as a router.

Wireshark provides detailed packet-level analysis, helping identify issues such as incorrect routing, packet drops, or firewall blocking. It can reveal the source of connectivity problems, aiding in resolving them effectively. Traceroute helps map the network path, ping tests basic connectivity, and checking IP configuration is useful but may not pinpoint specific issues. Wireshark's thorough analysis makes it the most comprehensive option for troubleshooting network problems.