A B-Tree index organizes data in a tree structure for fast retrieval. B-Tree indexes are commonly used in databases because they provide logarithmic time complexity for search, insert, and delete operations, making them efficient for handling large datasets.

In a multi-user operating system, a proportional share-based memory allocation scheme is preferred as it ensures fair allocation of memory resources based on the needs of each process. This scheme is beneficial because it allows processes with varying memory requirements to coexist efficiently, preventing resource starvation or monopolization by any single process. By allocating memory based on a predefined percentage of the total available memory, the system can adapt dynamically to changes in workload and ensure equitable resource distribution. This approach promotes fairness and helps maintain system stability and performance.

Bluetooth is a wireless networking technology that enables devices to exchange data over short distances using UHF radio waves. NFC (Near Field Communication) is another short-range wireless communication technology, but it operates at much closer distances than Bluetooth and uses electromagnetic fields for data transfer. Wi-Fi is a technology that allows devices to connect to a local area network (LAN) wirelessly, typically using radio waves. LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a standard for wireless broadband communication of mobile devices, focusing on high-speed data transmission over longer distances than Bluetooth or NFC.

Deadlocks happen when two or more processes are unable to proceed because each is waiting for a resource held by the other, resulting in a stalemate.

Implementing read-write locks ensures that multiple threads can read from the shared database concurrently, while ensuring exclusive access for writing operations. This approach minimizes contention and prevents data corruption by allowing multiple readers or a single writer at any given time, balancing performance and consistency in database access.

The "I" in ACID stands for Isolation. This property ensures that transactions are executed independently of each other, preventing interference and maintaining data integrity. It ensures that concurrent transactions do not affect each other's outcomes.

In a social network represented as a graph, finding the shortest path between two users involves graph traversal algorithms. Dijkstra's algorithm is well-suited for finding the shortest path in weighted graphs, where the edges (connections between users) have weights (such as the degree of separation or mutual friend count). This algorithm guarantees the shortest path but may be computationally expensive for large graphs. A* algorithm is another option that combines the advantages of Dijkstra's algorithm and heuristic search, providing efficient solutions for finding paths in graphs. Depth-First Search (DFS) and Breadth-First Search (BFS) are more suitable for exploring all possible paths or finding paths without weights but are not directly applicable to finding the shortest path in weighted graphs like social networks.

Normalization is a database design technique that minimizes data redundancy by organizing data into multiple related tables. It improves data integrity, reduces storage space, and ensures efficient data retrieval. These benefits contribute to better overall database management and application performance.

A subquery in SQL is a query nested within another query, often used within the WHERE or HAVING clause. It is different from a regular query as it is embedded within another query and helps in retrieving data based on certain conditions or criteria.

Steganography involves concealing the existence of a message, making it invisible to unintended recipients, whereas encryption involves transforming the message into a secure format but doesn't hide its existence.