Option 2 provides essential measures for securing user authentication, including HTTPS for data encryption, strong password hashing, and session management practices. Multi-factor authentication (MFA) adds an extra layer of security but is not explicitly mentioned in Option 2. OAuth and OpenID Connect are more related to third-party authentication methods, not the core design of a secure authentication system.

Option 3 provides a key strategy for ensuring efficient routing and switching in a large enterprise network by implementing redundant links. This helps in load balancing, minimizing downtime, and ensuring redundancy, which are crucial for handling high traffic volume and maintaining network reliability. Using VLANs (Option 1) is important for network segmentation but may not directly address redundancy and high traffic volume concerns. Dynamic routing protocols (Option 2) aid in efficient route selection but may not specifically focus on redundancy. Quality of Service (Option 4) is crucial for traffic prioritization but does not directly address routing and redundancy concerns.

The correct option is "Facade." The Facade design pattern is utilized to provide a simplified interface to a larger body of code, such as a subsystem or a complex set of classes. It acts as a unified interface that hides the complexities of the subsystem and provides a simpler way for clients to interact with it. This pattern promotes loose coupling between subsystems and clients, enhancing the maintainability and scalability of the codebase.

The correct option is "Docker." Docker is a popular containerization platform that provides tools for building, deploying, and managing containers. It allows developers to package applications and their dependencies into a lightweight, portable unit called a container, which can then be executed consistently across different environments. Docker simplifies the process of container management and is widely used in DevOps and cloud computing workflows.

Memory compaction is a technique used in memory management systems to reduce fragmentation and improve memory utilization. It involves rearranging memory by moving allocated memory blocks closer together to create larger contiguous blocks of free memory. This process helps in accommodating larger processes and reduces fragmentation by minimizing the number of small gaps between allocated memory blocks. As a result, memory compaction enhances overall memory utilization and reduces the impact of fragmentation on system performance.

Implementing a dynamic array involves using a static array initially and dynamically resizing it when needed. This resizing can be achieved through methods like doubling the array size when it's full, reallocating memory, and copying elements.

Waterfall and V-Model are often preferred for projects requiring strict regulatory compliance due to their emphasis on documentation, planning, and sequential phases, ensuring thoroughness and traceability. Incremental approaches can also be adapted by incorporating compliance checks at each iteration. Lean Development, while efficient, may not provide the detailed documentation and control necessary for regulatory compliance.

Cardinality, data distribution, and query patterns are essential considerations for choosing columns for indexing, ensuring efficient query execution and reduced index maintenance overhead.

In a high-performance computing cluster, ensuring efficient data access and reliability is crucial. Using checksums and data integrity verification mechanisms helps detect and correct errors, ensuring data reliability. This approach is especially important in distributed systems where data may be transmitted across nodes, reducing the risk of data corruption. Other methods like distributed file systems for redundancy, journaling for quick recovery, and tiered storage for optimizing access speed are also important strategies but do not directly address data integrity and reliability issues.

The correct option is "Network." In the TCP/IP model, the Network layer is responsible for logical addressing. This includes assigning IP addresses and routing packets between different networks. The Transport layer (Option 2) is responsible for end-to-end communication and includes protocols like TCP and UDP. The Data Link layer (Option 3) deals with the physical connection between devices and includes protocols like Ethernet. The Application layer (Option 4) is responsible for providing user interfaces and services.