NoSQL databases face trade-offs between Consistency, Availability, and Partition tolerance. For example, choosing strong consistency sacrifices Availability, while prioritizing Availability can lead to eventual consistency. Understanding these trade-offs is essential for designing scalable and resilient systems.

External fragmentation happens when there are many small free memory blocks scattered throughout the memory, but the total free memory is sufficient to satisfy a process's memory request. This fragmentation reduces the efficiency of memory utilization as it may prevent larger processes from being allocated memory even though there is enough free space overall.

A deque is a versatile data structure that supports insertion and deletion from both ends, making it suitable for algorithms requiring efficient manipulation at both the front and rear. It's commonly used in scenarios like managing browser history or implementing breadth-first search.

The package.json file in a Node.js application contains important metadata and configuration settings, including dependencies, scripts, version information, and other project-specific details.

A priority queue differs from a regular queue in that elements are removed based on a priority level assigned to each element. This means that elements with higher priority levels are removed before elements with lower priority levels, regardless of the order they were added. In contrast, a regular queue removes elements in the order they were added, following the FIFO (First-In-First-Out) principle.

Option 1: Version control systems like Git are used primarily to track changes made to files in a project. This enables developers to collaborate effectively, revert to previous versions if needed, and manage code history.

The correct option is 'LIFO.' A stack follows the Last-In-First-Out (LIFO) order, meaning the last element added to the stack is the first one to be removed, resembling a stack of plates.

Black-box testing involves testing the software from an external perspective, focusing on inputs and outputs without considering the internal code structure or logic. This approach helps assess the software's functionality and behavior based on various inputs and conditions, mimicking how end users interact with the software. Unlike structural testing (also known as white-box testing), black-box testing doesn't require knowledge of the internal code implementation, making it suitable for evaluating software based on specifications and requirements rather than implementation details.

The key difference between a tree and a graph lies in their structure. While a tree has a hierarchical structure without cycles, a graph can have cycles and represents a more general structure for relationships between nodes.

Tries efficiently store and search strings, making them suitable for word occurrence tasks.