ARP stands for Address Resolution Protocol. It is a protocol used for mapping an IP address to a MAC address on a local network. ARP operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and is essential for communication between devices within the same network segment. While "Program" and "Process" are generic terms, "Procedure" is not the correct expansion for ARP.

Prototypal inheritance in JavaScript involves the prototype chain. Constructor functions are used to create objects with shared properties and methods. Object.create() is a method that allows creating objects with a specified prototype. The prototype chain is a mechanism through which objects inherit properties and methods from their prototype objects. Classes in ES6 also utilize prototypal inheritance under the hood, providing a more familiar syntax for defining object blueprints.

Option 1, O(1), represents constant time complexity. Accessing an element in an array by its index takes the same amount of time, regardless of the array size. Hence, it is independent of the array's size, resulting in constant time complexity.

Roaming enables devices to switch between access points without losing connectivity, crucial for maintaining seamless connections as mobile devices move between different areas or networks.

Waterfall methodology follows a sequential approach where each phase must be completed before moving to the next, making it less adaptable to change. In contrast, Agile methodology promotes iterative development, continuous feedback, and changes in requirements, enabling better adaptability and responsiveness to change.

Decomposition is a critical step in dynamic programming where a complex problem is broken down into smaller, more manageable subproblems. This allows for the application of dynamic programming techniques, such as memoization or tabulation, to solve the problem efficiently.

SQL injection is a type of cyber attack where malicious SQL code is inserted into input fields of a web application, allowing attackers to access and manipulate the database. Using prepared statements or parameterized queries is an effective defense against SQL injection because they allow the database to distinguish between code and data, preventing attackers from executing arbitrary SQL commands. Sanitizing input and using escaped input are also good practices but may not provide as robust protection as prepared statements.

Dynamic programming can be broadly categorized into bottom-up (iterative) and top-down (recursive) approaches. Bottom-up DP starts from solving the smallest subproblems and builds up to the main problem, while top-down DP starts from the main problem and recursively solves smaller subproblems.

Adaptive Modulation refers to the technique of dynamically adjusting transmission parameters, such as power levels, to optimize performance and maintain stable connections in wireless networks.

The Bellman-Ford algorithm is primarily used to find the shortest path in a weighted graph, making "Graph" the correct option. This algorithm is essential in network routing protocols and is based on dynamic programming principles. Dynamic programming involves breaking down complex problems into simpler subproblems and storing their solutions to avoid redundant computations.