The correct option is Single Responsibility Principle. This principle suggests that a class should have only one job or reason to change, leading to more modular, maintainable, and understandable code.

In Agile methodologies, estimating the effort required for each user story or task is commonly referred to as "Story Pointing." Story Pointing involves assigning relative values (such as story points) to different tasks or user stories, based on their complexity, risk, and effort required. This practice helps Agile teams plan and prioritize their work effectively during sprint planning sessions. Sprint planning involves determining which user stories and tasks will be tackled in the upcoming sprint, whereas backlog refinement is the ongoing process of reviewing and updating the product backlog. Velocity tracking, on the other hand, is a measure of how much work a team can complete in a sprint, often calculated based on past performance. Therefore, the most appropriate option for estimating effort in Agile is Story Pointing.

Code coverage measures the percentage of code executed by your test suite. To determine this, you can use tools that analyze test results and report on the lines of code covered during testing. This metric helps assess the thoroughness of your testing efforts and identifies areas of the codebase that may require additional test cases for better coverage and quality assurance.

The key difference between deadlock prevention and deadlock avoidance lies in their approaches to handling deadlock situations in operating systems. Deadlock prevention focuses on proactively avoiding deadlock by implementing resource allocation strategies and system design techniques that eliminate the possibility of deadlock occurrence. On the other hand, deadlock avoidance aims to reactively resolve deadlock situations after they occur by detecting them and taking appropriate actions, such as preempting resources or terminating processes to break the deadlock. While prevention aims to stop deadlock from happening in the first place, avoidance deals with managing deadlocks if they occur, making them complementary strategies in ensuring system stability and resource utilization efficiency.

The OSI Model, or Open Systems Interconnection Model, is used to provide a conceptual framework that standardizes the functions of a networking or telecommunication system into seven layers. It helps in understanding and designing complex network architectures by dividing the communication process into manageable layers, each responsible for specific tasks. Option 2 is correct because the OSI Model indeed provides a structured framework for various networking devices to communicate effectively.

Middleware in Express.js executes additional functions between receiving a request and sending a response. It can perform tasks like authentication, logging, parsing data, and modifying the request/response objects. Middleware functions have access to the request object (req), response object (res), and the next middleware function in the applications request-response cycle. This flexibility allows developers to modularize and enhance the functionality of their Express.js applications.

The "C" in ACID stands for Consistency. This property ensures that all database transactions must follow rules and constraints defined in the database schema, maintaining data validity and integrity before and after each transaction.

Heap Sort is the ideal choice for implementing a priority queue. It has a time complexity of O(n log n), making it efficient for maintaining a priority queue structure. Selection Sort, Bubble Sort, and Merge Sort have higher time complexities and are less suitable for priority queue operations.

Option 1 outlines the initial steps of a post-mortem analysis, including forensic analysis, root cause identification, and impact assessment, which are crucial for understanding the breach. Option 2 mentions additional security measures but focuses more on prevention rather than post-incident analysis. Option 3 includes general security measures but lacks specific actions for analyzing the breach. Option 4 involves law enforcement collaboration and incident response, which are important but come after the initial analysis phase.

The correct option is Data Link. The Data Link layer of the OSI Model is responsible for error detection and correction. It ensures that data packets are transmitted without errors over the physical layer by using techniques like checksums and CRCs (Cyclic Redundancy Checks). This layer also handles framing, addressing, and flow control. Physical layer deals with the actual physical transmission of data, Network layer is responsible for logical addressing and routing, and Transport layer manages end-to-end communication.