Dynamic programming is most effective when a problem exhibits overlapping subproblems, meaning the same subproblems are solved multiple times in the process. If a problem does not have this characteristic, dynamic programming may not offer significant advantages over other approaches like recursion or greedy algorithms. Additionally, for problems with very small input sizes, the overhead of dynamic programming (such as building tables or memoization arrays) might outweigh the benefits, making simpler algorithms more suitable.

A deadlock occurs in multithreading when two or more threads are unable to proceed because each is waiting for the other to release a resource, resulting in a standstill where no progress can be made. This can lead to system hangs or crashes.

The CAP theorem is crucial in understanding the limitations of distributed systems. It states that in the presence of a network partition, a distributed system can only guarantee either Consistency or Availability, not both. NoSQL databases often sacrifice Consistency (CP) for better Availability and Partition tolerance (AP).

Mutex and semaphore are both synchronization mechanisms, but they serve different purposes. A mutex ensures mutual exclusion, allowing only one thread to access a resource at a time, while a semaphore can allow multiple threads to access multiple resources concurrently. Mutexes typically use binary values (0 and 1) to signal resource availability, while semaphores can have a count greater than 1, allowing for resource allocation based on available counts.

IPv6 uses 128-bit addresses, which is a significant increase from IPv4's 32-bit addresses. This expansion allows for a much larger number of possible unique addresses, addressing the issue of IPv4 address exhaustion. Therefore, "128" is the correct option.

Normalization involves breaking down data into multiple tables and using relationships like foreign keys to link them together. This ensures data is not duplicated, reduces redundancy, and allows for efficient querying and data retrieval. Storing all information in one table would lead to data redundancy and inefficiency. Using multiple databases or denormalization would not adhere to normalization principles.

Semaphores and mutexes differ in signaling and resource access. A semaphore can handle multiple resources by using a counting mechanism, allowing multiple threads to access resources concurrently. It uses signals to manage resource availability. On the other hand, a mutex is binary, meaning it only allows one thread access to a resource at a time, using a blocking mechanism to prevent other threads from accessing the resource until it's released.

Priority Scheduling ensures fairness by assigning priorities to processes based on criteria such as importance or resource requirements. This ensures that critical tasks get appropriate CPU time, promoting fairness.

Multi-factor authentication (MFA) adds an extra layer of security by requiring users to provide multiple forms of identification before accessing sensitive data. This can prevent unauthorized access even if login credentials are compromised. Strict access control policies limit access based on roles and responsibilities, reducing the risk of unauthorized access. Security awareness training educates employees about potential threats and best practices, but it alone may not prevent unauthorized access. Encryption protects data from being accessed by unauthorized parties, but it doesn't prevent access attempts.

The correct option is Single Responsibility Principle. This principle suggests that a class should have only one job or reason to change, leading to more modular, maintainable, and understandable code.