Transitioning to Agile methodologies can be challenging for teams. Common hurdles include resistance to change from traditional methods, a lack of clarity on Agile principles and practices, difficulties in breaking down work into smaller tasks suitable for Agile iterations, and a lack of adequate training and support for adopting Agile practices effectively. Recognizing and addressing these challenges is crucial for successful Agile implementation.

RESTful APIs use HTTP as the communication protocol and focus on resources (like URLs) that clients can interact with. SOAP, on the other hand, uses a variety of protocols and focuses on message exchange.

The role of a Scrum Master in Agile development is to facilitate the Scrum process. This includes coaching the team on Agile practices, removing impediments, and fostering collaboration among team members. The Scrum Master acts as a servant-leader, ensuring the team follows Scrum principles and helping to optimize their productivity. They do not manage the budget, write code independently, or review/approve user stories, as those tasks are typically handled by other roles within the Agile framework.

BCNF ensures that every determinant in a table is a candidate key, minimizing redundancy and dependency. It's crucial for eliminating anomalies in data and maintaining database integrity.

The File System Manager is a crucial component responsible for managing file system metadata, including directory structures, file attributes, and access control information. It ensures file system consistency by handling tasks such as disk allocation, file organization, and maintenance of file integrity. Without a robust File System Manager, file operations and data access within the file system would be inefficient and prone to errors.

Dynamic imports enable code splitting by loading components only when needed, reducing the initial bundle size and improving load times. This approach is more efficient than bundling all components together or using preloading techniques, as it minimizes the initial download size.

Optimizing the file system in an embedded system with limited storage involves reducing storage overhead and maximizing performance. Implementing a compressed file system reduces the storage footprint, maintaining accessibility and performance. This approach is particularly effective in scenarios where space is limited. While block-level storage allocation reduces wasted space, data deduplication eliminates duplicate data blocks, and log-structured file systems improve write performance, they may not be as effective in addressing storage overhead in limited storage environments as compression techniques.

Collaborating with users and stakeholders to gather information about reported bugs helps in understanding the business impact and prioritizing testing efforts effectively. This approach also involves stakeholders in the improvement process, fostering a collaborative environment for bug resolution.

Balancing a binary search tree is crucial for maintaining efficient search operations. Unbalanced trees can lead to degraded performance, causing search times to increase significantly. By balancing the tree, we ensure that search operations remain logarithmic in time complexity, thus optimizing performance.

JavaScript handles asynchronous operations using various methods. Callbacks were one of the earliest ways to handle asynchronous code but can lead to callback hell. Promises provide a more structured way to handle asynchronous operations, allowing chaining and error handling. Async/await is a more recent addition, offering a more synchronous-looking syntax for writing asynchronous code. Observables are part of the RxJS library and are used for handling streams of data asynchronously.