The correct option is "pop." In JavaScript, the "pop" method is used to remove the last element from an array and returns that element. This method modifies the array it is called on. The other options ("removeLast," "deleteLast," and "splice") either do not exist as array methods in JavaScript or do not specifically remove the last element from an array.

ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability) properties are fundamental principles that guarantee reliability and accuracy in database transactions. Atomicity ensures that all operations in a transaction are completed successfully or none at all, maintaining data integrity. Consistency ensures that a transaction brings the database from one valid state to another, preserving data correctness. Isolation ensures that transactions are independent of each other, preventing interference between concurrent transactions. Durability guarantees that once a transaction is committed, its changes are permanently saved, even in the event of system failures. CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) is a set of basic operations for manipulating data but doesn't encompass the principles necessary for transaction management. DML (Data Manipulation Language) and DDL (Data Definition Language) are SQL categories for manipulating and defining data structures, respectively, but they don't specifically address transactional properties. Therefore, ACID properties are the correct choice for ensuring data integrity and consistency in transactions.

The protocol responsible for resolving domain names to IP addresses is DNS (Domain Name System). DNS translates human-readable domain names into IP addresses that computers use to communicate over the Internet.

Implementing database transactions

The time complexity of reversing a linked list iteratively is O(n), where n is the number of nodes in the list. This is because in each iteration, you only need to traverse the list once to reverse the pointers. However, the time complexity of reversing a linked list recursively is also O(n), but with a caveat. If the recursive approach is not optimized, it can lead to a time complexity of O(n^2) due to repeatedly traversing the list for each recursive call. Therefore, it's crucial to implement the recursive reversal with proper base cases and efficient pointer manipulation to achieve O(n) time complexity.

Inheritance is the OOP concept that allows you to define a blueprint or template for creating objects. It enables a new class (derived or child class) to inherit properties and behaviors from an existing class (base or parent class). This mechanism facilitates code reuse and the creation of hierarchical relationships between classes, leading to more efficient and organized programming structures. Inheritance is a fundamental pillar of OOP alongside encapsulation, abstraction, and polymorphism.

Preemptive scheduling algorithms, such as Priority Scheduling and Round Robin with Time Slice, are suitable for real-time systems where tasks have varying levels of urgency. Non-preemptive scheduling, like First-Come-First-Serve and Shortest Job Next, is simpler but may not be ideal for time-sensitive applications due to potential delays caused by lower priority tasks. Understanding these differences is crucial in designing efficient scheduling mechanisms for different system requirements.

Transitioning to Agile methodologies can be challenging for teams. Common hurdles include resistance to change from traditional methods, a lack of clarity on Agile principles and practices, difficulties in breaking down work into smaller tasks suitable for Agile iterations, and a lack of adequate training and support for adopting Agile practices effectively. Recognizing and addressing these challenges is crucial for successful Agile implementation.

RESTful APIs use HTTP as the communication protocol and focus on resources (like URLs) that clients can interact with. SOAP, on the other hand, uses a variety of protocols and focuses on message exchange.

The role of a Scrum Master in Agile development is to facilitate the Scrum process. This includes coaching the team on Agile practices, removing impediments, and fostering collaboration among team members. The Scrum Master acts as a servant-leader, ensuring the team follows Scrum principles and helping to optimize their productivity. They do not manage the budget, write code independently, or review/approve user stories, as those tasks are typically handled by other roles within the Agile framework.