The Bus topology is simple and cost-effective but lacks fault tolerance. In a Bus network, if a single cable fails, the entire network can be disrupted. For small offices concerned about network reliability, it's advisable to avoid the Bus topology.

A Switch operates at the data link layer of the OSI model and makes forwarding decisions based on MAC addresses. It forwards frames only to the intended recipient, reducing network congestion and improving network performance.

When a user connects to a remote network in a way that makes it seem as if they are directly connected to the network's private internal system, they are using a VPN (Virtual Private Network). A VPN creates a secure, encrypted tunnel over an untrusted network (like the internet) to provide remote access with the appearance of being locally connected.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is used to resolve an IP address into a MAC address within a local network. When a device needs to communicate with another device on the same local network, it uses ARP to find the MAC address associated with the destination IP address.

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is the most appropriate routing protocol in this case. OSPF is specifically designed for large internal networks and offers scalability and efficient handling of topology changes within areas. It's widely used for internal routing within organizations.

The designated router (DR) in OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is responsible for advertising Link State Advertisements (LSAs) to other routers within the same OSPF area. It helps reduce the flooding of LSAs and optimizes the OSPF network by centralizing LSA update distribution.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) - TCP is responsible for ensuring that data packets are delivered in the correct sequence and without errors. It provides error-checking, sequencing, and flow control during data transmission, making it a reliable choice for applications that require data integrity.

When a segment arrives out of order due to network congestion, it is typically held in a buffer until the missing segments arrive. This buffer helps reassemble the data in the correct order before delivering it to the application layer to prevent data corruption or loss.

The primary purpose of NAT (Network Address Translation) in a home network is to translate private IP addresses used within the local network into a single public IP address that is used for communication with external networks, like the internet. This allows multiple devices within the home network to share a single public IP address, providing a layer of security and conserving IP address resources.

A recursive resolver is responsible for resolving DNS queries on behalf of clients. It performs the entire process of DNS resolution, starting from querying authoritative name servers to returning the IP address associated with a domain.