Which email protocol is primarily used for retrieving emails from a mail server and supports offline access to messages?
- HTTP
- IMAP
- POP3
- SMTP
IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is primarily used for retrieving emails from a mail server. It allows users to access their email messages on the server, and it supports offline access, meaning you can view your messages even without an internet connection.
Applications that need a fire-and-forget mechanism without the need for acknowledgments usually employ the ________ protocol.
- FTP
- ICMP
- TCP
- UDP
The User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is used for applications that require a "fire-and-forget" mechanism, where speed is more important than reliability and acknowledgments. UDP doesn't provide acknowledgment or error-checking like TCP.
For secure web browsing using HTTPS, browsers typically connect to web servers on port number ________.
- 21
- 443
- 80
- 8080
Browsers connect to web servers using port 443 for HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) to ensure secure, encrypted data transfer between the client (browser) and the server. Port 80 is used for standard HTTP.
In the context of networking, protocols ensure ____________ between devices.
- Data Privacy
- Hardware Compatibility
- Interoperability
- Network Speed
Protocols ensure interoperability between devices. They define a set of rules and conventions that devices must follow to communicate effectively, ensuring that different devices can understand and work with each other.
In the context of the transport layer, which mechanism ensures that lost or corrupted data packets are retransmitted?
- Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ)
- Congestion Control
- Error Detection
- Flow Control
In the context of the transport layer, the mechanism that ensures that lost or corrupted data packets are retransmitted is Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ). ARQ techniques help in detecting and recovering lost or damaged data packets, thereby ensuring reliable data transmission.
A tech company is designing a next-gen IoT product and expects each device to have a unique IP address. Considering the potentially vast number of devices, which IP addressing scheme would be most suitable?
- DHCP
- IPv4
- IPv6
- MAC
IPv6 is the most suitable IP addressing scheme for a next-gen IoT product where each device requires a unique IP address. IPv6's enormous address space can easily accommodate the potentially vast number of IoT devices, ensuring that each device has a unique address. IPv4 has limited address space and is not practical for large-scale IoT deployments. DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) and MAC (Media Access Control) addresses are not IP addressing schemes but play a different role in networking.
In the context of IP addressing, what does CIDR notation, such as /24, represent?
- It designates the broadcast address for a given network.
- It indicates the total number of available IP addresses in a network.
- It signifies the number of routers in a network.
- It specifies the subnet mask to divide an IP address into network and host portions.
CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) notation, like /24, represents the subnet mask that divides an IP address into network and host portions. In this example, /24 signifies that the first 24 bits of the address are dedicated to the network, and the remaining bits are for host addressing.
What function ensures that frames are only sent to the specific port associated with the destination MAC address in a switch?
- ARP Table
- IP Table
- MAC Table
- NAT Table
A switch maintains a MAC address table that associates MAC addresses with the physical ports on the switch. When a frame arrives, the switch looks up the destination MAC address in its MAC table and forwards the frame only to the port associated with that MAC address.
OSPF belongs to which class of routing protocols that use the state of links as their primary metric?
- Distance Vector
- Hybrid
- Link-State
- Path Vector
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) belongs to the Link-State class of routing protocols. In Link-State routing, routers exchange information about the state of their links, and each router builds a database that contains a complete map of the network's topology. This information is used to calculate the shortest path.
A data center is experiencing issues with data corruption during transmission. They implement a new error detection mechanism and find that while most errors are caught, some still slip through. They decide to add an additional layer of error detection for critical data. Which combination of methods might they use?
- CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check) for error detection and Reed-Solomon Code for error correction
- Checksum for error detection and VRC (Vertical Redundancy Check) for error correction
- LRC (Longitudinal Redundancy Check) for error detection and CRC for error correction
- Parity Bit for error detection and Hamming Code for error correction
Adding CRC for error detection is a common practice. For critical data, combining CRC for detection with Reed-Solomon Code for error correction is a robust approach, as CRC helps identify errors and Reed-Solomon corrects them.