Which technique is used to convert received analog signals back into their original digital form?
- Decoding
- Demodulation
- Encoding
- Modulation
Demodulation is the technique used to convert received analog signals back into their original digital form. It's the reverse process of modulation and is crucial in the reception of data in analog communication systems.
Which error detection method uses a polynomial division to detect changes to raw data?
- Checksum
- Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
- Hamming code
- Parity bit
The Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) method uses polynomial division to detect changes in raw data. It is a widely used error detection technique that adds a mathematical value (CRC) to the data, which is then transmitted. The recipient performs a similar calculation and compares it with the received CRC to check for errors.
If a user wants to download emails to a local device and remove them from the server, which protocol would typically be used?
- HTTP
- IMAP
- POP3
- SMTP
POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3) is typically used when a user wants to download emails from a mail server to a local device and remove them from the server. It is designed for receiving emails.
Which statement best describes Port Address Translation (PAT), a variant of NAT?
- It assigns a unique public IP address to each internal device.
- It doesn't allow internal devices to access the internet.
- It only works with HTTP traffic.
- It translates multiple private IP addresses to a single public IP address using different ports.
Port Address Translation (PAT) is a variation of Network Address Translation (NAT) in which multiple devices on a local network are translated to a single public IP address, with different port numbers to keep track of which internal device the traffic belongs to. This enables multiple internal devices to share a single public IP address.
Sarah's email client allows her to download emails for offline access. However, when she deletes an email on her laptop, she notices it's still available on her mobile phone. Which email protocol is her client likely using?
- HTTP
- IMAP
- POP3
- SMTP
Sarah's email client is likely using POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3). POP3 is a protocol that downloads emails to the local device and typically does not synchronize actions across multiple devices. Emails are often downloaded and removed from the server, leading to discrepancies between devices.
What differentiates a MAC address from an IP address in terms of their roles in network communication?
- IP addresses are only used in wired networks.
- MAC addresses are longer than IP addresses.
- MAC addresses are physical, data-link layer addresses, while IP addresses are logical, network layer addresses.
- MAC addresses are used for routing, while IP addresses are used for addressing.
MAC addresses are physical addresses assigned to Network Interface Cards (NICs) and are used at the data-link layer for local communication within a network. IP addresses, on the other hand, are logical addresses used for routing data across networks at the network layer.
A newly established smart city is planning to connect all its utilities and infrastructure. The city council wants a medium that provides high bandwidth, is resistant to external damages, and ensures data security. Which transmission medium would best serve their needs?
- Fiber Optic Cable
- Microwave Transmission
- Satellite Communication
- Twisted Pair Cable
Fiber Optic Cable is the best choice for a smart city. It offers high bandwidth, is resistant to external damages, and provides data security, making it suitable for connecting various utilities and infrastructure securely.
A network administrator is troubleshooting connectivity issues on a computer. While the IP address seems to change when moving to different networks, one address remains consistent. Which address is the administrator observing?
- Dynamic IP Address
- MAC Address
- Static IP Address
- Subnet Mask
The consistent address that remains the same as a device moves across different networks is the MAC address (Media Access Control address). This is a unique hardware address assigned to the network interface card (NIC) of a device.
In a real-time online gaming environment, quick data transmission and receipt of acknowledgments are crucial. Which flow control mechanism might be better suited for such a scenario?
- ARP
- ICMP
- TCP
- UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is better suited for real-time online gaming because it offers faster data transmission and doesn't have the acknowledgment and retransmission mechanisms of TCP, which can introduce latency.
In which scenario would the Stop-and-Wait protocol be less efficient compared to the sliding window protocol?
- High bandwidth, long propagation delay
- High bandwidth, short propagation delay
- Low bandwidth, long propagation delay
- Low bandwidth, short propagation delay
The Stop-and-Wait protocol would be less efficient compared to the sliding window protocol in scenarios with low bandwidth and short propagation delay. In such cases, the efficiency of data transfer is limited due to the protocol's stop-and-wait nature.